WordNet

a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei and enclosed in a membrane but no internal cell boundaries (as in muscle fibers)
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
any creature of exceptional size
someone or something that is abnormally large and powerful (同)goliath, behemoth, monster, colossus
a very large person; impressive in size or qualities (同)hulk, heavyweight, whale
an imaginary figure of superhuman size and strength; appears in folklore and fairy tales
an unusually large enterprise; "Walton built a retail giant"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
『大男』;(物語・伝説の)『巨人』 / 『大人物』,偉人 / 『巨大な物』 / 巨大な,ものすごく大きい

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/21 14:22:17」(JST)

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Multinucleated giant cells due to an infection. H&E stain.

A giant cell is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually macrophages), often forming a granuloma.^[1] It can arise in response to an infection, such as from tuberculosis, herpes, or HIV, or foreign body. These multinucleate giant cells also known as (MGCs) are cells of monocyte or macrophage lineage fused together.

Types include:

foreign-body giant cell
Langhans giant cell
Touton giant cells
giant-cell arteritis
Reed–Sternberg cell

Also

as in subependymal giant cell astrocytoma

1 History
2 Giant cell arteritis
- 2.1 Who may be at risk
- 2.2 Symptoms
- 2.3 Diagnosis
3 Langhans giant cell
- 3.1 Who may be at risk
- 3.2 Symptoms
- 3.3 Diagnosis
4 Touton giant cell
- 4.1 Who may be at risk
- 4.2 Symptoms
5 Foreign-body giant cell
6 Endogenous causitive agents
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

History

Multinucleated giant cell formations can arise from numerous types of bacteria, diseases, and cell formations. Giant cells are known to develop when infections are also present. They were first noticed as early as the middle of the last century, but still it is not fully understood why these reactions occur. In the process of giant cell formation, monocytes or macrophages fuse together, which could cause multiple problems for the immune system.

Giant cell arteritis

The most common form of giant cell formations is giant-cell arteritis,^[2] it is also known as temporal arteritis or cranial arteritis. This type of arteritis causes the arteries in the head, neck, and arm area to swell to abnormal sizes. Although this disease has no apparent causes it seems to be related to polymyalgia rheumatica.^[3]

Who may be at risk

This disease is mostly known to affect older individuals that are in their fifties and sixties. Women are three times more likely to develop the disease than men are and Caucasians are seven times more likely to develop the disease than Africans.

Symptoms

Symptoms may include: Mild fever, Loss of appetite, Fatigue, Vision loss, Severe headache.^{[citation needed]}

Symptoms are very similar to the flu virus and is often mistaken to be the flu virus.^{[citation needed]} In the worst-case scenario, if left untreated, this disease can result in permanent blindness.^{[citation needed]}

Diagnosis

The gold standard for diagnosis is a temporal artery biopsy.^[4] Before the biopsy to take place the skin in your face will need to be anesthetised for the incision. After numbing, an incision will be made in the face around the area of the temples to get a sample of the temporal artery. The incision will then be sutured.

A histopathologist will then examine the sample under a microscope, who will then issue a pathology report (pending extra tests that may be requested by the pathologist).

The management regime consists primarily of systemic corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone), commencing at a high dose.

Langhans giant cell

This particular form of giant cell was named after a German pathologist, Theodor Langhans. Like many of the other kinds of giant cell formations, the epithelioid macrophages fuse together, and in return multiple nuclei form. This formation is often referred to as multinucleate giant cells in which the nuclei form a circle or semicircle related to the shape of a horseshoe away from the center of the cell. Langhans giant cell is said to be related to tuberculosis and it occurs in many types of granulomatous diseases.

Who may be at risk

It is more common to get the disease if you are infected with tuberculosis in endemic areas or develop sarcoidosis.

Symptoms

Langhans giant cell could be closely related to tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcodosis and deep fungal infections. Langhans giant cell occurs frequently in delayed hypersensitivity.

Symptoms may include

Fever
Weight loss
Fatigue
Loss of appetite

Diagnosis

This type of giant cell could be caused by a bacteria that spread from person to person through the air. Tuberculosis is related to HIV, many people who have HIV also have a hard time fighting off diseases and sicknesses. Many tests may be performed to treat other related diseases to obtain the correct diagnosis for Langhans giant cell.

Touton giant cell

This type of giant cell also is sometimes called a xanthelasmatic giant cell. Touton giant cells also consist of fused epithelioid macrophages and have multiple nuclei. The nuclei form a ring and are surrounded by foamy cytoplasm, one symptom of this particular giant cell is a foamy cytoplasm making the cytoplasm visible around the nucleus. This giant cell formation has been seen in lipid-laden or more known fat necrosis.

Who may be at risk

The formation of Touton giant cell is most common in men and women age 37 through 78.

Symptoms

Like all other forms of giant cells Touton giant cell has pretty much the same symptoms as any of the other form of giant cells. Which include:

Fever
Weight loss
Fatigue
Loss of appetite

Foreign-body giant cell

As the name implies, foreign-body giant cells form when a subject is exposed to a foreign substance. Exogenous substances include talc or sutures. As with other types of giant cells, epithelioid macrophages fusing together causes these giant cells to form and grow.^[5] In this form of giant cell, the nuclei are arranged in an overlapping manner. This giant cell is often found in tissue because of medical devices, prostheses, and biomaterials.

Endogenous causitive agents

Endogenous substances such as keratin, fat, and cholesterol crystals (cholesteatoma) can induce mast cell formation.^[5]

Additional images

Foreign-body giant cells in the lung. H&E stain.
Foreign-body giant cell reaction to a suture. H&E stain.
CD68 immunostaining demonstrating giant cells and macrophages.

References

^ Giant Cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ "Giant Cell Arteritis: MedlinePlus". Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
^ "Questions and Answers About Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis". Niams.nih.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
^ Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) at eMedicine
^ ^a ^b Saunders, William H.; Wakely, Jr., Paul. "ATLAS OF HEAD AND NECK PATHOLOGY - Giant Cells" (PDF). Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Retrieved 15 Apr 2014.

External links

Macrophage fusion : the making of osteoclasts and giant cells

UpToDate Contents

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1. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of giant cell temporal arteritis
2. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の診断 diagnosis of giant cell temporal arteritis
3. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の治療 treatment of giant cell temporal arteritis
4. 骨の巨大細胞腫瘍 giant cell tumor of bone
5. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の病因 pathogenesis of giant cell temporal arteritis

English Journal

Long peptic strictures of the esophagus due to reflux esophagitis: a case report.

Yamasaki Y1, Ozawa S2, Oguma J1, Kazuno A1, Ninomiya Y1.
Surgical case reports.Surg Case Rep.2016 Dec;2(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s40792-016-0190-1. Epub 2016 Jun 25.
BACKGROUND: Most of benign esophageal strictures caused by gastroesophageal reflux are short segments and can be treated by an endoscopic dilatation, but cases of long-segment stenosis requiring an esophagectomy are rare.CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old woman had undergone emergency surgery for a gi
PMID 27344552

The development of large-cell carcinoma in the wall of a giant bulla complicated by hemorrhage.

Nakamura S1, Kawaguchi K2, Fukui T2, Fukumoto K2, Okasaka T2, Yokoi K2.
Surgical case reports.Surg Case Rep.2016 Dec;2(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s40792-016-0151-8. Epub 2016 Mar 10.
There were a few reports of patients with lung cancer developing at the wall of giant bullae complicated with hemorrhage. A 40-year-old male with complaints of hemoptysis was referred to our hospital, and a solitary pulmonary mass was pointed out on his chest roentgenogram. Computed tomography (CT)
PMID 26964998

Recurrent phagocytosis-induced apoptosis in the cyclical generation change of the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.

Franchi N1, Ballin F1, Manni L2, Schiavon F1, Basso G3, Ballarin L1.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2016 Sep;62:8-16. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.011. Epub 2016 Apr 20.
Colonies of the marine, filter-feeding ascidian Botryllus schlosseri undergo cyclical generation changes or takeovers. These events are characterised by the progressive resorption of adult zooids and their replacement by their buds that grow to adult size, open their siphons and start filtering. Dur
PMID 27106705

Japanese Journal

免疫グロブリン大量療法に不応の難治性川崎病に対するインフリキシマブ療法-4例の症例検討、血漿交換療法との比較-

岸崇之/坂内優子/吉井啓介/唐木克二/西川愛子/小田絵里/林典子/稲井慶/大澤真木子
東京女子医科大学雑誌 83(E1), E160-E165, 2013-01-31
【緒言】免疫グロブリン大量療法(IVIG)不応川崎病は冠動脈瘤の発症頻度が高くなるため、適切で安全な治療法が必要とされる。我々はIVIG不応川崎病に対して、インフリキシマブ(IFX)治療を行い、血漿交換療法(PEX)例との比較からその適応と効果、安全性について報告する。,【方法】対象は発症年齢1歳6ヵ月以上かつ第10病日以内の川崎病症例で、IVIGを行い白血球数、CRPなどの改善のない例をIFX治 …
NAID 110009559391

Over 10-year follow-up of functional outcome in patients with bone tumors reconstructed using distraction osteogenesis

Watanabe Koji,Tsuchiya Hiroyuki,Yamamoto Norio,Shirai Toshiharu,Nishida Hideji,Hayashi Katsuhiro,Takeuchi Akihiko,Matsubara Hidenori,Nomura Issei
Journal of Orthopaedic Science 18(1), 101-109, 2013-01-00
… Tumor types included seven osteosarcomas, two osteofibrous dysplasias, one Ewing's sarcoma, five low-grade osteosarcomas, two adamantinomas, and five giant cell tumors. …
NAID 120005253840

Over 10-year follow-up of functional outcome in patients with bone tumors reconstructed using distraction osteogenesis

Watanabe Koji,Tsuchiya Hiroyuki,Yamamoto Norio,Shirai Toshiharu,Nishida Hideji,Hayashi Katsuhiro,Takeuchi Akihiko,Matsubara Hidenori,Nomura Issei
Journal of Orthopaedic Science 18(1), 101-109, 2013-01-00
… Tumor types included seven osteosarcomas, two osteofibrous dysplasias, one Ewing's sarcoma, five low-grade osteosarcomas, two adamantinomas, and five giant cell tumors. …
NAID 120004966628

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「巨細胞」「syncytium」「syncytia」「polykaryocyte」「multinucleated giant cell」
拡張検索	「giant cell granuloma」「Sternberg giant cell」「giant cell reticulohistiocytoma」
関連記事	「giant」「cell」