WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
having two or more nuclei

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/09 11:20:54」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Multinucleate (also multinucleated, polynuclear) cells are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated, synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space. The multinucleate stage in the life cycle of some organisms is called plasmodium.

Although not normally viewed as a case of multinucleation, plant cells share a common cytoplasm by plasmodesmata, and most cells in animal tissues are in communication with their neighbors via gap junctions.^[1]

Mechanisms and types

Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism they are formed, can be divided into:^[2]^[3]

Syncytia (formed by cell fusion) and
Coenocytes (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis).

Examples

Syncytia

Multinucleate cells can occur naturally under physiological conditions by the fusion of the plasma membranes of cells thus forming syncytia. Examples include the cells of the musculoskeletal systems of mammals, the tapetal cells of plants, and the storage cells of Douglas-fir seeds.^[4]

The Chlorarachniophyta form multinucleate cells by fusion, being syncytia and not coenocytes. This syncytia is called plasmodium, in the sense of a multinucleate protoplast without a cell wall which exhibits amoeboid movement.^[5]

Coenocytes

Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In filamentous fungi, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatically different microenvironments. Other examples include, the plasmodia of slime molds and the schizont of the Plasmodium parasite which causes malaria.

Pathological examples

Multinucleated cells can also occur under pathological conditions as the consequence of a disturbed cell cycle control (e.g. binucleated cells and in metastazing tumor cells).

Also in the blood systems of mammals, cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils, are also referred to as polynuclear cells due to their appearance under the microscope.

Multiple nucleoids

The equivalent of multiple nuclei in prokaryotes is multiple nucleoids in bacteria such as in Proteus mirabilis swarmer cells.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26857/
^ Boyd, J. D.; Hamilton, W. J. (1966). "Electron microscopic observations on the cytotrophoblast contribution to the syncytium in the human placenta". Journal of anatomy 100 (Pt 3): 535–548. PMC 1270795. PMID 5965440. edit
^ Read, Nick D.; Roca, Gabriela M. (2006). "Chapter 5: Vegetative Hyphal Fusion in Filamentous Fungi". In Baluška, František; Volkmann, Dieter; Barlow, Peter W. Cell-Cell Channels. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 87–98. ISBN 978-0-387-36058-4.
^ Von Aderkas, P.; Rouault, G.; Wagner, R.; Chiwocha, S.; Roques, A. (2005). "Multinucleate storage cells in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) and the effect of seed parasitism by the chalcid Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl". Heredity 94 (6): 616–622. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800670. PMID 15829985. edit
^ Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

This cell biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ブラストミセス症の菌学、病因、および疫学 mycology pathogenesis and epidemiology of blastomycosis
2. Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis
3. 鎌状赤血球形質 sickle cell trait
4. NK cell deficiency syndromes: Treatment
5. B細胞性皮膚偽リンパ腫 cutaneous b cell pseudolymphomas

English Journal

Viral potassium channels as a robust model system for studies of membrane-protein interaction.

Braun CJ1, Lachnit C1, Becker P1, Henkes LM2, Arrigoni C3, Kast SM2, Moroni A4, Thiel G1, Schroeder I5.Author information 1Membrane Biophysics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.2Physikalische Chemie III, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.3Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.4Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; CNR-IBF, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.5Membrane Biophysics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany. Electronic address: schroeder@bio.tu-darmstadt.de.AbstractThe viral channel KcvNTS belongs to the smallest K(+) channels known so far. A monomer of a functional homotetramer contains only 82 amino acids. As a consequence of the small size the protein is almost fully submerged into the membrane. This suggests that the channel is presumably sensitive to its lipid environment. Here we perform a comparative analysis for the function of the channel protein embedded in three different membrane environments. 1. Single-channel currents of KcvNTS were recorded with the patch clamp method on the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells. 2. They were also measured after reconstitution of recombinant channel protein into classical planar lipid bilayers and 3. into horizontal bilayers derived from giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). The recombinant channel protein was either expressed and purified from Pichia pastoris or from a cell-free expression system; for the latter a new approach with nanolipoprotein particles was used. The data show that single-channel activity can be recorded under all experimental conditions. The main functional features of the channel like a large single-channel conductance (80pS), high open-probability (>50%) and the approximate duration of open and closed dwell times are maintained in all experimental systems. An apparent difference between the approaches was only observed with respect to the unitary conductance, which was ca. 35% lower in HEK293 cells than in the other systems. The reason for this might be explained by the fact that the channel is tagged by GFP when expressed in HEK293 cells. Collectively the data demonstrate that the small viral channel exhibits a robust function in different experimental systems. This justifies an extrapolation of functional data from these systems to the potential performance of the channel in the virus/host interaction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Viral Membrane Proteins-Channels for Cellular Networking.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Apr;1838(4):1096-103. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.010. Epub 2013 Jun 17.
The viral channel KcvNTS belongs to the smallest K(+) channels known so far. A monomer of a functional homotetramer contains only 82 amino acids. As a consequence of the small size the protein is almost fully submerged into the membrane. This suggests that the channel is presumably sensitive to its
PMID 23791706

Giant vesicles functionally expressing membrane receptors for an insect pheromone.

Hamada S1, Tabuchi M, Toyota T, Sakurai T, Hosoi T, Nomoto T, Nakatani K, Fujinami M, Kanzaki R.Author information 1Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan. fujinami@faculty.chiba-u.jp.AbstractTo date, biochemical approaches to membrane receptors have been limited to the following methods: knockout or overexpression of membrane receptors by gene introduction and genome engineering or extraction of membrane receptor-surfactant complexes from innate cells and their introduction into model biomembranes. Here, we describe the development of a third method involving gene expression using cell-free in situ protein synthesis inside model biomembrane capsules. We verified this method by synthesizing olfactory receptors from the silkmoth Bombyx mori inside giant vesicles and found that they were excited in the presence of their ligand the Bombyx mori sex pheromone.
Chemical communications (Cambridge, England).Chem Commun (Camb).2014 Mar 18;50(22):2958-61. doi: 10.1039/c3cc48216b. Epub 2014 Feb 7.
To date, biochemical approaches to membrane receptors have been limited to the following methods: knockout or overexpression of membrane receptors by gene introduction and genome engineering or extraction of membrane receptor-surfactant complexes from innate cells and their introduction into model b
PMID 24509495

Development of the hemochorial maternal vascular spaces in the placenta through endothelial and vasculogenic mimicry.

Rai A1, Cross JC2.Author information 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, HSC Room 2279, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, HSC Room 2279, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1.2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, HSC Room 2279, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada; Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, HSC Room 2279, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1. Electronic address: jcross@ucalgary.ca.AbstractThe maternal vasculature within the placenta in primates and rodents is unique because it is lined by fetal cells of the trophoblast lineage and not by maternal endothelial cells. In addition to trophoblast cells that invade the uterine spiral arteries that bring blood into the placenta, other trophoblast subtypes sit at different levels of the vascular space. In mice, at least five distinct subtypes of trophoblast cells have been identified which engage maternal endothelial cells on the arterial and venous frontiers of the placenta, but which also form the channel-like spaces within it through a process analogous to formation of blood vessels (vasculogenic mimicry). These cells are all large, post-mitotic trophoblast giant cells. In addition to assuming endothelial cell-like characteristics (endothelial mimicry), they produce dozens of different hormones that are thought to regulate local and systemic maternal adaptations to pregnancy. Recent work has identified distinct molecular pathways in mice that regulate the morphogenesis of trophoblast cells on the arterial and venous sides of the vascular circuit that may be analogous to specification of arterial and venous endothelial cells.
Developmental biology.Dev Biol.2014 Mar 15;387(2):131-141. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.015. Epub 2014 Jan 28.
The maternal vasculature within the placenta in primates and rodents is unique because it is lined by fetal cells of the trophoblast lineage and not by maternal endothelial cells. In addition to trophoblast cells that invade the uterine spiral arteries that bring blood into the placenta, other troph
PMID 24485853

Japanese Journal

Loss of a Rho-Regulated Actin Nucleator, mDia2, Impairs Cytokinesis during Mouse Fetal Erythropoiesis

Watanabe Sadanori,De Zan Tihana,Ishizaki Toshimasa,Yasuda Shingo,Kamijo Hiroshi,Yamada Daisuke,Aoki Tomohiro,Kiyonari Hiroshi,Kaneko Hiroshi,Shimizu Ritsuko,Yamamoto Masayuki,Goshima Gohta,Narumiya Shuh
Cell
… mDia2-deficient mice survive until embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), exhibit severe anemia with multinucleate erythroblasts, and die in utero by E12.5. …
NAID 120005347116

多核巨細胞浸潤を伴う子宮頸部リンパ上皮腫様癌の１例

沼崎令子,大城久,宮城悦子,稲山嘉明,北村和久,平原史樹
日本臨床細胞学会雑誌 50(6), 341-345, 2011
背景 : 子宮頸部に発生するリンパ上皮腫様癌 (Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma : LELC) は鼻咽頭に発生する Lymphoepithelioma に類似した組織像を示す癌で, 子宮頸部の悪性腫瘍の 0.7∼5.5%を占める非常にまれな腫瘍である. 他の子宮頸癌症例に比較しリンパ節転移が少なく予後良好であるとされている.症例 : 66 歳, 女性. 子宮頸癌I …
NAID 130004513115