WordNet

cover with paper; "paper the box"
a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses
a medium for written communication; "the notion of an office running without paper is absurd"
a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses; "he has written many scientific papers"
remove by passing through a filter; "filter out the impurities" (同)filtrate, strain, separate out, filter out
an electrical device that alters the frequency spectrum of signals passing through it
device that removes something from whatever passes through it
worthless or oversimplified ideas (同)pablum
the application of wallpaper (同)paperhanging

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『紙』 / 〈C〉(1枚の)『紙』 / 〈C〉論文,研究論文(口頭で発表するものをさす);(学生の)レポート / 〈C〉試験問題[用紙];答案[用紙] / 〈C〉《話》『新聞』(newspaper) / 《複数形で》『書類』,文書;(身分・資格などを示す)証明書 / 〈U〉紙幣(paper money);手形類 / 〈C〉〈U〉壁紙(wallpaper) / 紙[製]の / 紙の上だけの,実祭には存在しない / 新聞[用]の / …‘に'紙をはる / …‘を'紙で包む《+『over』(『up』)+『名,』+『名』+『over』(『up』)》
『ろ過器』,ろ過装置;ろ過用材料(布・紙・木炭・砂など) / (写真の)フィルター / 〈液体・気体〉‘を'『ろ過する』,こす;…‘を'ろ過して取る / ゆっくり進む(通る)
〈U〉(病人・幼児用の)消化しやすい食物,離乳食 / 〈C〉(女性の)乳首 / 〈C〉《米》通俗読物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/03/31 18:15:12」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is used to separate fine solids from liquids or air.

Properties

Filter paper comes in various porosities and grades depending on the applications it is meant for. The important parameters are wet strength, porosity, particle retention, flow rate, compatibility, efficiency and capacity.

There are two mechanisms of filtration with paper; volume and surface. By volume filtration the particles are caught in the bulk of the filter paper. By surface filtration the particles are caught on the paper surface.

Manufacture

Main article: Paper machine

The raw materials are different paper pulps. The pulp may be from [softwood], [hardwood], [fiber crops], mineral fibers. For high quality filters, dissolving pulp and mercerised pulp are used. Most filter papers are made on small paper machines. For laboratory filters the machines may be as small as 50 cm width. The paper is often crêped to improve porosity. The filter papers may also be treated with reagents or impregnation to get the right properties.

Types

Air filters

Air filter paper in an auto engine

Main article: Air filter

The main application for air filters are combustion air to engines. The filter papers are transformed into filter cartridges, which then is fitted to a holder. The construction of the cartridges mostly requires that the paper is stiff enough to be self supporting. A paper for air filters needs to be very porous and have a weight of 100 - 200 g/m². Normally particularly long fibrous pulp that is mercerised is used to get these properties. The paper is normally impregnated to improve the resistance to moisture.^[1] Some heavy duty qualities are made to be rinsed and thereby extend the life of the filter.

Coffee filter

Main article: Coffee filter

Coffee filters of paper are made from about 100 g/m² crêped paper. The crêping allows the coffee to flow freely between the filter and the filtration funnel. The raw materials (pulp) for the filter paper are coarse long fiber, often from fast growing trees. Both bleached and unbleached qualities are made.^[2] Coffee filters are made in different shapes and sizes to fit into different holders. Important parameters are strength, compatibility, efficiency and capacity.

Fuel filters

Main article: Fuel filter

The paper used for fuel filters is a crêped paper with controlled porosity, which is pleated and wound to cartridges. The raw material for filter paper used in fuel filters are made of a mixture of hardwood and softwood fibres. The basis weight of the paper is 50 - 80 g/m².^[2]

Laboratory filters

Oil filters

Oil filter paper on an element for a Volvo S40

Main article: Oil filter

Engine oil is filtered to remove impurities. Filtration of oil is normally done with volume filtration. Filter papers for lubrication oils are impregnated to resist high temperatures.^[1]

Tea bags

Main article: Tea bag

Tea bags are made from abacá fibers, a very thin and long fiber hemp. Often the paper is augmented with a minor portion of synthetic fibers. The bag paper is very porous and thin, 12 - 20 g/cm², and has high wet strength.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b Paulapuro, Hannu (2000) "5" Paper and Board grades Papermaking Science and Technology 18 Finland: Fapet Oy p. 113 ISBN 952-5216-18-7
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Paulapuro, Hannu (2000) "5" Paper and Board grades Papermaking Science and Technology 18 Finland: Fapet Oy p. 114 ISBN 952-5216-18-7

UpToDate Contents

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1. 大静脈フィルター留置とその合併症 placement of vena cava filters and their complications
2. 21－ヒドロキシラーゼ欠損症による古典的先天性副腎皮質過形成の診断 diagnosis of classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency
3. 先天性代謝異常：個々の障害の発見 inborn errors of metabolism identifying the specific disorder
4. ガラクトース血症：臨床的特徴および診断 galactosemia clinical features and diagnosis
5. 新生児スクリーニング newborn screening

English Journal

A Rao-Blackwellized particle filter for joint parameter estimation and biomass tracking in a stochastic predator-prey system.

Martín-Fernández L1, Gilioli G, Lanzarone E, Miguez J, Pasquali S, Ruggeri F, Ruiz DP.Author information 1Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain. lauramartin@ugr.es.AbstractFunctional response estimation and population tracking in predator-prey systems are critical problems in ecology. In this paper we consider a stochastic predator-prey system with a Lotka-Volterra functional response and propose a particle filtering method for: (a) estimating the behavioral parameter representing the rate of effective search per predator in the functional response and (b) forecasting the population biomass using field data. In particular, the proposed technique combines a sequential Monte Carlo sampling scheme for tracking the time-varying biomass with the analytical integration of the unknown behavioral parameter. In order to assess the performance of the method, we show results for both synthetic and observed data collected in an acarine predator-prey system, namely the pest mite Tetranychus urticae and the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis.
Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE.Math Biosci Eng.2014 Jun 1;11(3):573-97. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2014.11.573.
Functional response estimation and population tracking in predator-prey systems are critical problems in ecology. In this paper we consider a stochastic predator-prey system with a Lotka-Volterra functional response and propose a particle filtering method for: (a) estimating the behavioral parameter
PMID 24506552

Paper based colorimetric biosensing platform utilizing cross-linked siloxane as probe.

Zhou M1, Yang M2, Zhou F3.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Resources Chemistry of Nonferrous Metals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.2Key Laboratory of Resources Chemistry of Nonferrous Metals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China. Electronic address: yangminghui@csu.edu.cn.3Key Laboratory of Resources Chemistry of Nonferrous Metals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA.AbstractPaper based colorimetric biosensing platform utilizing cross-linked siloxane 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTMS) as probe was developed for the detection of a broad range of targets including H2O2, glucose and protein biomarker. APTMS was extensively used for the modification of filter papers to develop paper based analytical devices. We discovered when APTMS was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA), the resulting complex (APTMS-GA) displays brick-red color, and a visual color change was observed when the complex reacted with H2O2. By integrating the APTMS-GA complex with filter paper, the modified paper enables quantitative detection of H2O2 through the monitoring of the color intensity change of the paper via software Image J. Then, with the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) onto the modified paper, glucose can be detected through the detection of enzymatically generated H2O2. For protein biomarker prostate specific antigen (PSA) assay, we immobilized capture, not captured anti-PSA antibody (Ab1) onto the paper surface and using GOx modified gold nanorod (GNR) as detection anti-PSA antibody (Ab2) label. The detection of PSA was also achieved via the liberated H2O2 when the GOx label reacted with glucose. The results demonstrated the possibility of this paper based sensor for the detection of different analytes with wide linear range. The low cost and simplicity of this paper based sensor could be developed for "point-of-care" analysis and find wide application in different areas.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 May 15;55:39-43. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.065. Epub 2013 Dec 3.
Paper based colorimetric biosensing platform utilizing cross-linked siloxane 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTMS) as probe was developed for the detection of a broad range of targets including H2O2, glucose and protein biomarker. APTMS was extensively used for the modification of filter papers to de
PMID 24361420

Development and validation of dried matrix spot sampling for the quantitative determination of amyloid β peptides in cerebrospinal fluid.

Delaby C, Gabelle A, Meynier P, Loubiere V, Vialaret J, Tiers L, Ducos J, Hirtz C, Lehmann S.AbstractAbstract Background: The use of dried blood spots on filter paper is well documented as an affordable and practical alternative to classical venous sampling for various clinical needs. This technique has indeed many advantages in terms of collection, biological safety, storage, and shipment. Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides are useful cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer disease diagnosis. However, Aβ determination is hindered by preanalytical difficulties in terms of sample collection and stability in tubes. Methods: We compared the quantification of Aβ peptides (1-40, 1-42, and 1-38) by simplex and multiplex ELISA, following either a standard operator method (liquid direct quantification) or after spotting CSF onto dried matrix paper card. Results: The use of dried matrix spot (DMS) overcame preanalytical problems and allowed the determination of Aβ concentrations that were highly commutable (Bland-Altman) with those obtained using CSF in classical tubes. Moreover, we found a positive and significant correlation (r2=0.83, Pearson coefficient p=0.0329) between the two approaches. Conclusions: This new DMS method for CSF represents an interesting alternative that increases the quality and efficiency in preanalytics. This should enable the better exploitation of Aβ analytes for Alzheimer's diagnosis.
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC.Clin Chem Lab Med.2014 May 1;52(5):649-55. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0611.
Abstract Background: The use of dried blood spots on filter paper is well documented as an affordable and practical alternative to classical venous sampling for various clinical needs. This technique has indeed many advantages in terms of collection, biological safety, storage, and shipment. Amyloid
PMID 24150208

Japanese Journal

モデルルームとろ紙を用いたトリチウムの空気中飛散率と壁面付着率の同時測定

三好弘一,森脇崇,川口佳彦 [他]
日本放射線安全管理学会誌 14(1), 27-31, 2015-07
NAID 40020557138

夏季の六甲山登山における塩味閾値の変化について : 食塩含浸濾紙の有用性の検証

関和俊,北村裕美,髙木祐介
流通科学大学論集. 人間・社会・自然編 28(1), 77-83, 2015-07
NAID 40020551113

Real-time color image segmentation based on mean shift algorithm using an FPGA

Dang Ba Khac Trieu,Maruyama Tsutomu
Journal of real-time image processing 10(2), 345-356, 2015-06
… In this paper, we describe an FPGA system for the image segmentation based on the mean shift algorithm. … In our system, the mean shift filter is accelerated using a cache memory which can access to all pixels in a w s × w s pixel window at arbitrary position. …
NAID 120005646543