実験系、実験システム

WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
to conduct a test or investigation; "We are experimenting with the new drug in order to fight this disease"
the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation (同)experimentation
a venture at something new or different; "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard"
the testing of an idea; "it was an experiment in living"; "not all experimentation is done in laboratories" (同)experimentation
try something new, as in order to gain experience; "Students experiment sexually"; "The composer experimented with a new style" (同)try out
relating to or based on experiment; "experimental physics"
relying on observation or experiment; "experimental results that supported the hypothesis" (同)data-based, observational
of the nature of or undergoing an experiment; "an experimental drug"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
(…の)『実験』,試み《+『in』(『on, with』)+『名』》 / (…の)実験をする《+『on(upon, with)』+『名』》
実験の,実験に基づく: / 実験に使われる,実験用の / 実験的な,試験的な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/07 13:30:09」(JST)

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In scientific research, an experimental system is the physical, technical and procedural basis for an experiment or series of experiments. Historian of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger defines an experimental system as: "A basic unit of experimental activity combining local, technical, instrumental, institutional, social, and epistemic aspects."^[1] Scientists (particularly laboratory biologists) and historians and philosophers of biology have pointed to the development and spread of successful experimental systems, such as those based on popular model organism or scientific apparatus, as key elements in the history of science, particularly since the early 20th century. The choice of an appropriate experimental system is often seen as critical for a scientist's long-term success, as experimental systems can be very productive for some kinds of questions and less productive for others, acquiring a sort of momentum that takes research in unpredicted directions.^[2]

A successful experimental system must be stable and reproducible enough for scientists to make sense of the system's behavior, but variable and unpredictable enough that it can produce useful results. In many cases, a well-understood experimental system can be "black-boxed" as a standard technique, which can then be utilized as a component of other experimental systems. Rheinberger divides experimental systems into two parts: the part under investigation ("epistemic things") and the well-understood part that provides a stable context for experimentation ("technical objects").^[3]

The development of experimental systems in biology often requires the "domestication" of a particular organism for the laboratory environment, including the creation of relatively homogeneous lines or strains and the tailoring of conditions to highlight the variable aspects that scientists are interested in.^[4] Scientific technologies, similarly, often require the development of a full experimental system to go from a viable concept to a technique that works in practice on a usefully consistent basis. For example, the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is generally attributed to Kary Mullis, who came up with the concept in 1983, but the process of development of PCR into the revolutionary technology it became by the early 1990s took years of work by others at Cetus Corporation—and the basic components of the system had been known since the 1960s DNA synthesis work of Har Gobind Khorana—making "who invented PCR?" a complicated question.^[5]

§Notes

^ Rheinberger, Toward a History of Epistemic Things, p. 238
^ Rheinberger, Toward a History of Epistemic Things, pp. 19-21
^ Rheinberger, Toward a History of Epistemic Things, pp. 24-31. Note that the translation from German language introduces an ambiguity, or a possible misunderstanding. The meaning of Experimentalsystem, referring to a system that is the site for experiments, whereas an experimentelles System is a system that is unfinished and under experimental investigation. Rheinberger uses the former term.
^ See Kohler, Lords of the Fly.
^ Rabinow, Making PCR, pp. 7-9

§References

Robert E. Kohler. Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. ISBN 0-226-45063-5
Paul Rabinow. Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0-226-70146-8
Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. Toward a History of Epistemic Things: Synthesizing Proteins in the Test Tube. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2785-6

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Efficiently Visible-Light Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of As(III) at Low Positive Biasing Using Pt/TiO2 Nanotube Electrode.

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Japanese Journal

Consolidation of Non-Colloidal Spherical Particles at Low Particle Reynolds Numbers

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