elevated

　 　

WordNet

1. raised above the ground; "an elevated platform"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『高く上げられた』,高い / (思想などが)高尚な,気品のある / 高架鉄道
2. (ある高さに)…‘を'『上げる』,‘の'程度を高める《『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (知的・精神的に)…‘を'向上させる,高める / (…から…に)〈人〉‘を'昇進させる《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/14 18:57:38」(JST)

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"Elevated" redirects here. For the short film by Vincenzo Natali, see Elevated (film).

Liverpool Overhead Railway, 1951.

New York City Subway J train crosses the East River separating Brooklyn and Manhattan via the Williamsburg Bridge.

An elevated railway (also known in Europe as overhead railway) is a rapid transit railway with the tracks above street level on a viaduct or other steel, concrete or brick structure. The railway may be standard gauge, narrow gauge, light rail, monorail or a suspension railway. Elevated railways are usually used in urban areas where there would otherwise be a large number of level crossings. Most of the time, the tracks of elevated railways that run on steel viaducts can be seen from street level.

History

The earliest elevated railway was the London and Greenwich Railway on a brick viaduct of 878 arches, built between 1836 and 1838. The first 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of the London and Blackwall Railway (1840) was also on a viaduct. During the 1840s there were other schemes for elevated railways in London which did not come to fruition.

From the late 1860s elevated railways became popular in US cities. The New York West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway operated with cable cars from 1868 to 1870, thereafter locomotive-hauled. This was followed by the Manhattan Railway in 1875, the Boston Elevated Railway (1887–), and the South Side Elevated Railroad, Chicago (1892–). The Chicago transit system itself is known as "L", short for "elevated". The Berlin Stadtbahn (1882) is also mainly elevated.

The first electric elevated railway was the Liverpool Overhead Railway, which operated through Liverpool docks from 1893 until 1956.

In London the Docklands Light Railway is a modern elevated railway, opened in 1987 and since expanded. The trains are driverless and automatic. Another modern elevated railway is Tokyo's driverless Yurikamome line, opened in 1995.

Suspension railways

During the 1890s there was some interest in suspension railways, particularly in Germany, with the Schwebebahn Dresden, (1891–) and the Wuppertal Schwebebahn (1901). H-Bahn suspension railways were built in Dortmund and Düsseldorf airport, 1975. The Memphis Suspension Railway opened in 1982.

Shonan Monorail and Chiba Urban Monorail in Japan, despite their names, are suspension railways too.

Monorail systems

Most monorails are elevated railways, such as the Disneyland Monorail System (1959), the Tokyo Monorail (1964), the Sydney Monorail (1988–2013), the Las Vegas Monorail and the São Paulo Monorail. Maglev railways are also elevated.

People mover systems

People mover or automated people mover (APM) is a type of grade-separated mass transit system. The term is generally used only to describe systems that serve as loops or feeder systems, but is sometimes applied to considerably more complex automated systems. Similar to monorails, Bombardier Innovia APM technology uses only one rail to guide the vehicle along the guideway. APMs are common at airports and effective at helping passengers quickly reach their gates. Several elevated APM systems at airports including the PHX Sky Train at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport; AeroTrain at Kuala Lumpur International Airport; and the Tracked Shuttle System at London Gatwick Airport, United Kingdom.

Gallery

• Green Line train in Downtown Chicago.

• Market Frankford train in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

• Chinatown station in Los Angeles, California

• Line 15 monorail, Sao Paulo, Brazil

• A U2 train in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg

• Hochbahn at Hamburg Landungsbrücken

• Cambronne station on Métro Line 6 in Paris

• A 7 train in New York City, New York

• Elevated section of the Docklands Light Railway in London

• Bimanbandar station of the Kolkata Suburban Railway

• Thiruvanmiyur station of the Chennai MRTS

• LRT Line 1 heading to EDSA station of Manila Metro

• Wuppertal Schwebebahn

• Vancouver SkyTrain Expo/Millenium Lines, Vancouver, British Columbia

• Las Vegas Monorail, Las Vegas, Nevada

See also

• Monorail
• Railway
• Rapid transit
• Grade separation
• Chicago 'L'
• Detroit People Mover
• SkyTrain (Vancouver), a partly elevated rapid transit system in Vancouver, Canada
• BTS Skytrain, an elevated rapid transit line in Bangkok, Thailand
• Changi Airport Skytrain, an inter-terminal people mover in Singapore
• PHX Sky Train, a people mover at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
• Düsseldorf SkyTrain, an automated inter-terminal people mover at Düsseldorf International Airport, Germany
• ATL Skytrain, a people mover at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
• MIA Mover, a people mover at Miami International Airport
• Bombardier Innovia family of automated transit systems (elevated technologies - Monorail, APM, Metro)

Proposed Designs

• MonoMetro

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 高山病：生理学、危険因子、および一般的な予防法 high altitude illness physiology risk factors and general prevention
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English Journal

• Eye on statins: A comprehensive review.

• Olson EA, Hainsworth DP, Davis G, Hagan JC 3rd.SourceMason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, USA. olsonea@health.missouri.edu
• Missouri medicine.Mo Med.2014 Jul-Aug;110(4):344-8.
• Over the last 25 years, statins have demonstrated their safety from an ophthalmologic standpoint. Studies relating statin to cataract formation are insufficient to alter the usual and customary prescription of statins. If there is an association between statins and cataracts, it is weak and clinical
• PMID 24003655

• Phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains at four stages of development after flowering.

• Shao Y, Xu F, Sun X, Bao J, Beta T.SourceInstitute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus, 310029, China; Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jan 15;143:90-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.042. Epub 2013 Jul 19.
• This study investigated differences in total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, and phenolic acids in free, conjugated and bound fractions of white (unpolished), red and black rice at 1-, 2-, and 3-weeks of grain development after flowering and at maturity. Unlike the TPC (mg/100g) of whi
• PMID 24054217

• Induction of phenolic metabolites and physiological changes in chamomile plants in relation to nitrogen nutrition.

• Kováčik J, Klejdus B.SourceInstitute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: jozkovacik@yahoo.com.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jan 1;142:334-41. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.074. Epub 2013 Jul 25.
• Alternative tools, such as the manipulation of mineral nutrition, may affect secondary metabolite production and thus the nutritional value of food/medicinal plants. We studied the impact of nitrogen (N) nutrition (nitrate/NO3(-) or ammonium/NH4(+) nitrogen) and subsequent nitrogen deficit on phenol
• PMID 24001850

Japanese Journal

• Tumor necrosis factor-α modifies the effects of Shiga toxin on glial cells

• International Immunopharmacology 38, 139-143, 2016-09-01
• NAID 120005830590

• Alleviative effect of some phytochemicals on cyadox-induced oxidative damage in rabbit erythrocytes

• Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 64(3), 171-182, 2016-08
• NAID 120005828521

• 巨大前立腺癌の1例: 本邦報告例の予後追跡調査

• 泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 62(7), 377-381, 2016-07-31
• NAID 120005829351

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関連記事	「elevate」

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• 血圧上昇

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「elevated intraocular pressure」

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• 眼圧亢進

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increased intraocular pressure、ocular hypertension

「elevated maze」

　　[★]

• 高架式迷路、高架迷路

「elevate」

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• v.

• 上昇させる、増加させる、上げる、高める

関

ascending、ascent、elevation、gain、increase、increment、multiply、raise、rise、rose、up-regulation、upregulation