drug substance

• 原体

関

bulk、technical product

WordNet

1. stick out or up; "The parcel bulked in the sack"
2. the property of something that is great in magnitude; "it is cheaper to buy it in bulk"; "he received a mass of correspondence"; "the volume of exports" (同)mass, volume
3. the property possessed by a large mass
4. material of a particular kind or constitution; "the immune response recognizes invading substances"
5. a particular kind or species of matter with uniform properties; "shigella is one of the most toxic substances known to man"
6. the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; "DNA is the substance of our genes"
7. use recreational drugs (同)do drugs
8. administer a drug to; "They drugged the kidnapped tourist" (同)dose
9. a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『かさばっていること』 / 《the bulk》(…の)大部分,大半《+『of』+『名』》 / ばら荷;(船の)積み荷 / かさばる,大きく見える
2. 〈U〉『物質』,物 / 〈U〉《the~》(…の)『趣旨』,本音《+of+名》 / 〈U〉(スープなどの)濃さ,こく,中身[の詰まっていること] / 〈U〉『実質』,実 / 〈U〉《古》財産,資産
3. 『薬』,薬品,薬剤 / 『麻薬』,麻酔剤 / 〈人〉‘に'薬(特に麻酔剤)を与える / 〈飲食物〉‘に'(麻酔薬・毒薬などの)薬を混ぜる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/07 05:47:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation).

Caffeine, contained in coffee and other beverages, is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. 90% of North American adults consume the substance on a daily basis.

Alcohol is a commonly consumed drug. The global alcoholic drinks industry was worth nearly $1 trillion in 2013. Beer is the third-most popular drink worldwide, after water and tea.

Cigarettes, containing nicotine, are one of the world’s most widely consumed drugs.

A drug is, in the broadest of terms, a chemical substance that has known biological effects on humans or other animals. Foods are generally excluded from this definition, in spite of their physiological effects on animal species.

In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being." Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.

Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide.

Recreational drugs are drugs that are not used for medicinal purposes, but are instead used for pleasure. Common recreational drugs include alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, as well as other substances such as opiates and amphetamines.

Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation and all drugs can cause side effects. Many drugs are illegal for recreational purposes and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of legally prohibiting certain substances.

Etymology

In English, the noun "drug" is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants preserved in them. The transitive verb "to drug" (meaning intentionally administer a substance to someone, often without their knowledge) arose later and invokes the psychoactive rather than medicinal properties of a substance.

Medication

Nexium is a proton pump inhibitor. It is used to reduce the production of stomach acid.

Main article: pharmaceutical drug

A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.

Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categories—over-the-counter (OTC) medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions, behind-the-counter (BTC), which are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription, and prescription only medicines (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.

In the United Kingdom, BTC medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label. The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country.

Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.

Spiritual and religious use

Main article: Entheogen

Flowering San Pedro, a psychotropic cactus that has been used for over 3,000 years. Today the vast majority of extracted mescaline is from columnar cacti, not vulnerable peyote.

The spiritual and religious use of drugs has been occurring since the dawn of our species. Drugs that are considered to have spiritual or religious use are called entheogens. Some religions are based completely on the use of certain drugs. Entheogens are mostly hallucinogens, being either psychedelics or deliriants, but some are also stimulants and sedatives.

Self-improvement

Main article: Nootropic

Nootropics, also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, learning, and many other things. Some nootropics are now beginning to be used to treat certain diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also commonly used to regain brain function lost during aging. Similarly, drugs such as steroids improve human physical capabilities and are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes.

Recreational drug use

Cannabis is another commonly used recreational drug.

Main article: Recreational drug use

Further information: Prohibition of drugs

Recreational drugs use is the use of a drug (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary intention of altering the state of consciousness through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings.

Some national laws prohibit the use of different recreational drugs, and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. On the other hand, there are many recreational drugs that are legal in many jurisdictions and widely culturally accepted. There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products, and in some areas of the world the legal use of drugs such as khat is common.

Administering drugs

Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways, or routes. Many drugs can be administered via more than one route.

• Bolus is the administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level. The administration can be given intravenously, by intramuscular, intrathecal or subcutaneous injection.
• Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as an aerosol or dry powder. (This includes smoking a substance)
• Injected as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous.
• Insufflation, or snorted into the nose.
• Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines.
• Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
• Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
• Topically, usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.
• Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections.

See also

• Drug development
• Drug injection
• Inverse benefit law
• Lifestyle drug
• List of drugs
• List of pharmaceutical companies
• List of psychedelic plants
• Placebo
• Prodrug
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

References

Further reading

• Richard J. Miller: Drugged: The Science and Culture Behind Psychotropic Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-995797-2

External links

• DrugBank, a database of 4800 drugs and 2500 protein drug targets

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 成人における薬物中毒への一般的アプローチ general approach to drug poisoning in adults
• 2. 処方剤の誤用：疫学、予防、同定、およびマネージメント prescription drug misuse epidemiology prevention identification and management
• 3. 薬物アレルギー患者へのアプローチ an approach to the patient with drug allergy
• 4. プライマリケアにおけるアルコールおよびその他の薬物の有害な使用のスクリーニング screening for unhealthy use of alcohol and other drugs in primary care
• 5. 薬物乱用検査（DOA） testing for drugs of abuse doa

English Journal

• Nucleus Accumbens AMPA Receptor Trafficking Upregulated by Food Restriction: An Unintended Target for Drugs of Abuse and Forbidden Foods.

• Carr KD1.
• Current opinion in behavioral sciences.Curr Opin Behav Sci.2016 Jun;9:32-39.
• There is a high rate of comorbidity between eating disorders and substance abuse, and specific evidence that weight-loss dieting can increase risk for binge pathology, rebound excessive weight gain, and initiation and relapse to drug abuse. The present overview discusses basic science findings indic
• PMID 26744733

• Is the quality of brief motivational interventions for drug use in primary care associated with subsequent drug use?

• Palfai TP1, Cheng DM2, Bernstein JA3, Palmisano J4, Lloyd-Travaglini CA4, Goodness T1, Saitz R5.
• Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2016 May;56:8-14. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.12.018. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
• BACKGROUND: Although a number of brief intervention approaches for drug use are based on motivational interviewing (MI), relatively little is known about whether the quality of motivational interviewing skills is associated with intervention outcomes.METHOD: The current study examined whether indice
• PMID 26779816

• Sex and HIV serostatus differences in decision making under risk among substance-dependent individuals.

• Martin E1, Gonzalez R2, Vassileva J3, Maki PM4, Bechara A5, Brand M6.
• Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.2016 May;38(4):404-15. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1119806.
• HIV+ individuals with and without substance use disorders make significantly poorer decisions when information about the probability and magnitude of wins and losses is not available. We administered the Game of Dice Task, a measure of decision making under risk that provides this information explic
• PMID 26882176

Japanese Journal

• 米国におけるサブスタンス・アビューズ : ハワイ州の概要とメス・プロジェクト

• 上野 善子
• 人間文化研究科年報 27, 99-114, 2012-03-31
• … This paper has two objectives, 1) To introduce the present conditions of drug addiction and　prevention (particularly, through focusing on a problem of substance abuse toward children by theirparents), 2) To clarifies how to prevent these abuses in the United States of America. … This suggest isespecially the necessity of supporting the family who had the drug problem in their community. …
• NAID 110009004255

• アルコール・物質依存 (特集 生物学的精神医学の進歩)

• 土田 英人,西村 伊三男,福居 顯二
• Brain and nerve : 神経研究の進歩 64(2), 163-173, 2012-02
• NAID 40019196583

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「bulk」「原体」「technical product」
関連記事	「substance」「drug」

「bulk」

　　[★]

• n.

• バルク、容積、大量、大部分、(医薬品などの)原体、原末

関

a large fraction of、abundance、abundant、abundantly、copious、drug substance、large amount、large dose、large proportion、large scale、majority、massive、massively、profuse、technical product、volume

　 　 　 　

「原体」

　　[★]

英

drug substance、bulk、technical product

関

大量、バルク、容積、大部分、原末

「technical product」

　　[★]

• 原体

関

bulk、drug substance

「substance」

　　[★]

• n.

• 物質、サブスタンス、実体

関

entity、material、matter

　 　 　 　

「drug」

　　[★]

同

drugs