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of a function or curve; possessing one or more discontinuities
not continuing without interruption in time or space; "discontinuous applause"; "the landscape was a discontinuous mosaic of fields and forest areas"; "he received a somewhat haphazard and discontinuous schooling" (同)noncontinuous
lack of connection or continuity

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/27 22:25:11」(JST)

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Continuous functions are of utmost importance in mathematics, functions and applications. However, not all functions are continuous. If a function is not continuous at a point in its domain, one says that it has a discontinuity there. The set of all points of discontinuity of a function may be a discrete set, a dense set, or even the entire domain of the function. This article describes the classification of discontinuities in the simplest case of functions of a single real variable taking real values.

The oscillation of a function at a point quantifies these discontinuities as follows:

in a removable discontinuity, the distance that the value of the function is off by is the oscillation;
in a jump discontinuity, the size of the jump is the oscillation (assuming that the value at the point lies between these limits from the two sides);
in an essential discontinuity, oscillation measures the failure of a limit to exist.

Classification

For each of the following, consider a real valued function $f$ of a real variable $x$ , defined in a neighborhood of the point x₀ at which $f$ is discontinuous.

Removable discontinuity

The function in example 1, a removable discontinuity

1. Consider the function

f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2 & \mbox{ for } x < 1 \\ 0 & \mbox{ for } x = 1 \\ 2-x & \mbox{ for } x > 1 \end{cases}

The point $x 0$ = 1 is a removable discontinuity. For this kind of discontinuity:

The one-sided limit from the negative direction

and the one-sided limit from the positive direction

at $x 0$ exist, are finite, and are equal to $L$ = $L -$ = $L +$ . In other words, since the two one-sided limits exist and are equal, the limit $L$ of $f (x)$ as $x$ approaches $x 0$ exists and is equal to this same value. If the actual value of $f (x 0)$ is not equal to $L$ , then $x 0$ is called a removable discontinuity. This discontinuity can be 'removed to make $f$ continuous at $x 0$ ', or more precisely, the function

is continuous at $x$ = $x 0$ .

It is important to realize that the term removable discontinuity is sometimes used by abuse of terminology for cases in which the limits in both directions exist and are equal, while the function is undefined at the point $x 0$ .^[1] This use is abusive because continuity and discontinuity of a function are concepts defined only for points in the function's domain. Such a point not in the domain is properly named a removable singularity.

Jump discontinuity

The function in example 2, a jump discontinuity

2. Consider the function

f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2 & \mbox{ for } x < 1 \\ 0 & \mbox{ for } x = 1 \\ 2 - (x-1)^2 & \mbox{ for } x > 1 \end{cases}

Then, the point $x 0$ = 1 is a jump discontinuity.

In this case, the limit does not exist because the one-sided limits, $L -$ and $L +$ , exist and are finite, but are not equal: since, $L -$ ≠ $L +$ , the limit $L$ does not exist. Then, $x 0$ is called a jump discontinuity or step discontinuity. For this type of discontinuity, the function $f$ may have any value at $x 0$ .

Essential discontinuity

The function in example 3, an essential discontinuity

3. Consider the function

f(x) = \begin{cases} \sin\frac{5}{x-1} & \mbox{ for } x < 1 \\ 0 & \mbox{ for } x = 1 \\ \frac{1}{x-1} & \mbox{ for } x > 1 \end{cases}

Then, the point is an essential discontinuity (sometimes called infinite discontinuity). For it to be an essential discontinuity, it would have sufficed that only one of the two one-sided limits did not exist or were infinite. However, given this example the discontinuity is also an essential discontinuity for the extension of the function into complex variables.

In this case, one or both of the limits and does not exist or is infinite. Then, x₀ is called an essential discontinuity, or infinite discontinuity. (This is distinct from the term essential singularity which is often used when studying functions of complex variables.)

The set of discontinuities of a function

The set of points at which a function is continuous is always a G_δ set. The set of discontinuities is an F_σ set.

The set of discontinuities of a monotonic function is at most countable. This is Froda's theorem.

Thomae's function is discontinuous at every rational point, but continuous at every irrational point.

The indicator function of the rationals, also known as the Dirichlet function, is discontinuous everywhere.

Notes

^ See, for example, the last sentence in the definition given at Mathwords.[1]

References

Malik, S.C.; Arora, Savita (1992). Mathematical Analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-21858-4. .

External links

Discontinuous at PlanetMath.org.
"Discontinuity" by Ed Pegg, Jr., The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007.
Weisstein, Eric W., "Discontinuity", MathWorld.
Kudryavtsev, L.D. (2001), "Discontinuity point", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4

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