WordNet

trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
traveling across
a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
placed crosswise; "spoken with a straight face but crossed fingers"; "crossed forks"; "seated with arms across"
(of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it
ready susceptibility to chemical change
a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)
(十字形に)交差した / 十字を引いてある,線引きの
反作用,反応 / 反動的傾向

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/20 23:28:09」(JST)

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Cross-reactivity applies to the reaction between two different species as opposed to the self-reactivity. In chemistry it means a reaction between two different molecules. At the same time each of these molecules is able to react with the identical molecule, or as it is usually described, to react with itself. In immunology, the cross-reactivity has a more narrow meaning of the reaction between an antibody and an antigen that differs from the immunogen. It is sometimes also referred to as crossimmunity or cross-protective immunity,^[1] although cross-reactivity does not necessarily infer cross-protection. A few examples of cross-reactivity have been confirmed in humans, one of which involves influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell and hepatitis C virus antigens.^[2]

An adaptive immune response is specific to the antigen that stimulated it (called the immunogen). However, many naturally occurring 'antigens' are a mixture of macromolecules (e.g. from pathogens, toxins, proteins, pollen) comprising several epitopes. Contact with a complex antigen such as a virus will stimulate multiple immune responses to the virus' different macromolecules as well as the individual epitopes of each macromolecule. For example, the tetanus toxin is a single protein macromolecular antigen but will stimulate many immune responses due to the tertiary structure of the protein yielding many different epitopes. The toxin that creates the immune response will have an epitope on it that stimulates the response. Denaturing the protein may 'disarm' its function but allow the immune system to have an immune response thus creating an immunity without harming the patient.

Cross-reactivity is also a commonly evaluated parameter for the validation of immune and protein binding based assays such as ELISA and RIA. In this case it is normally quantified by comparing the assays response to a range of similar analytes and expressed as a percentage. In practice, calibration curves are produced using fixed concentration ranges for a selection of related compounds and the midpoints (IC50) of the calibration curves are calculated and compared. The figure then provides an estimate of the response of the assay to possible interfering compounds relative to the target analyte.

Examples

Example of tissue cross-reactivity on human tissue microarray

Hevein-like protein domains are a possible cause for allergen cross-reactivity between latex and banana.^[3]

Cross-reactivity may be caused by identical carbohydrate structures on unrelated proteins from the same or different species. Such cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) are an issue in allergy diagnosis, where about a fifth of all patients displays IgE antibodies against Asn-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) containing core α1,3-linked fucose.^[4] As CCDs apparently do not elicite allergic symptoms, a positive in vitro test based on IgE binding to CCDs must be rated as false positive.

Applications in drug development: Tissue cross reactivity (TCR) assay is a standard method based on immunohistochemistry, required prior to phase I human study for therapeutic antibodies.

References

^ Porrozzi, R; Teva, A; Amaral, VF; Santos Da Costa, MV; Grimaldi Jr, G (2004). "Cross-immunity experiments between different species or strains of Leishmania in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)". The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 71 (3): 297–305. PMID 15381810.
^ Kasprowicz, Victoria; Ward, Scott M.; Turner, Alison; Grammatikos, Alexandros; Nolan, Brian E.; Lewis-Ximenez, Lia; Sharp, Charles; Woodfruff, Jenny et al. (2008). "Defining the directionality and quality of influenza virus–specific CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity in individuals infected with hepatitis C virus". Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (3): 1143–53. doi:10.1172/JCI33082. PMC 2214846. PMID 18246203.
^ Mikkola, JH; Alenius, H; Kalkkinen, N; Turjanmaa, K; Palosuo, T; Reunala, T (1998). "Hevein-like protein domains as a possible cause for allergen cross-reactivity between latex and banana". The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 102 (6 Pt 1): 1005–12. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70339-2. PMID 9847442.
^ Altmann, F (2007). "The role of protein glycosylation in allergy". Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 142 (2): 99–115. doi:10.1159/000096114. PMID 17033195.

External links

Cross reactions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. ペニシリン-アレルギー患者：セフェム系、カルバペネム系、およびモノバクタム系の使用 penicillin allergic patients use of cephalosporins carbapenems and monobactams
2. 食物アレルゲン：臨床的特徴および交叉反応の概要 food allergens overview of clinical features and cross reactivity
3. セファロスポリン-アレルギー患者：セファロスポリンおよび関連抗菌薬のその後の使用 cephalosporin allergic patients subsequent use of cephalosporins and related antibiotics
4. セファロスポリンアレルギー：臨床症状および診断 cephalosporin allergy clinical manifestations and diagnosis
5. 食物アレルギーの病因 pathogenesis of food allergy

English Journal

Synthesis of amide-functionalized cellulose esters by olefin cross-metathesis.

Meng X1, Edgar KJ2.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Nov 5;132:565-73. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.052. Epub 2015 Jun 26.
Cellulose esters with amide functionalities were synthesized by cross-metathesis (CM) reaction of terminally olefinic esters with different acrylamides, catalyzed by Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst. Chelation by amides of the catalyst ruthenium center caused low conversions using conventional
PMID 26256383

Development of a real-time immuno-PCR assay for the quantification of 17β-estradiol in water.

Gaudet D1, Nilsson D, Lohr T, Sheedy C.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes.J Environ Sci Health B.2015 Oct 3;50(10):683-90. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1048097.
A competitive real-time (RT) immuno-polymerase chain reaction (iPCR) (RT-iPCR) assay was developed for the sensitive quantification of 17β-estradiol in water. Using a universal iPCR method and polyclonal antibodies, 17β-estradiol was accurately quantified at concentrations ranging from 1 pg mL(-1)
PMID 26273752

Microstructures and functional groups of Nannochloropsis sp. cells with arsenic adsorption and lipid accumulation.

Sun J1, Cheng J2, Yang Z1, Li K1, Zhou J1, Cen K1.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2015 Oct;194:305-11. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.041. Epub 2015 Jul 18.
The pore structures and surface morphological characteristics of Nannochloropsis sp. cells with arsenic adsorption were initially investigated by N2-adsorption analysis and scanning electronic microscopy. Functional groups of cells were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray p
PMID 26210144

Japanese Journal

Immunization of Rabbits with Nematode Ascaris lumbricoides Antigens Induces Antibodies Cross-Reactive to House Dust Mite Dermatophagoides farinae Antigens

NAKAZAWA Takuya,KHAN Al Fazal,YASUEDA Hiroshi
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 77(1), 145-150, 2013-01
NAID 40019561928

Novel monoclonal antibodies broadly reactive to human recombinant sapovirus-like particles

Kitamoto Noritoshi,Oka Tomoichiro,Katayama Kazuhiko
Microbiology and immunology 56(11), 760-770, 2012-11
NAID 40019472036

ラテックスアレルギー安全対策ガイドライン2009 : これだけは,知っておきたいラテックスアレルギー(ガイドラインのワンポイント解説)

赤澤晃
アレルギー 61(8), 1067-1072, 2012-08-30
NAID 110009495638

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「crossreactive」「cross-reactive」「交差反応性」「crossreactivity」
関連記事	「cross」「crossing」「reactivity」「crossed」