cowpea

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WordNet

1. fruit or seed of the cowpea plant (同)black-eyed_pea
2. sprawling Old World annual cultivated especially in southern United States for food and forage and green manure (同)cowpea plant, black-eyed_pea, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna sinensis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/05 10:55:16」(JST)

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Cow pea
Black-eyed peas
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Genus:	Vigna
Species:	V. unguiculata
Binomial name
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Synonyms

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of several species of the widely cultivated genus Vigna. Four subspecies are recognised, of which three are cultivated (more exist, including textilis, pubescens, and sinensis):

• Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana, the wild relative of the cultivated subspecies
• Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica, cultivated, catjang
• Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis, cultivated, yardlong beans
• Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, cultivated, black-eyed pea

Cowpeas are one of the most important food legume crops in the semiarid tropics covering Asia, Africa, southern Europe and Central and South America. A drought-tolerant and warm-weather crop, cowpeas are well-adapted to the drier regions of the tropics, where other food legumes do not perform well. It also has the useful ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through its root nodules, and it grows well in poor soils with more than 85% sand and with less than 0.2% organic matter and low levels of phosphorus. In addition, it is shade tolerant, so is compatible as an intercrop with maize, millet, sorghum, sugarcane, and cotton. This makes cowpeas an important component of traditional intercropping systems, especially in the complex and elegant subsistence farming systems of the dry savannas in sub-Saharan Africa. In these systems the haulm (dried stalks) of cowpea is a valuable by-product, used as animal feed. Research in Ghana found that selecting early generations of cowpea crops to increase yield is not an effective strategy. Francis Padi from the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute in Tamale, Ghana, writing in Crop Science, suggests other methods such as bulk breeding are more efficient in developing high-yield varieties.

Cowpea beans

Cowpeas are a common food item in the Southern United States, where they are often called black-eyed peas or field peas. Two subcategories of field peas are crowder peas, so called because they are crowded together in their pods, causing them to have squarish ends, and cream peas. Prior to the American Civil War, cowpeas were rarely eaten by Americans, however and were used primarily as fodder. Southern tradition and lore holds that during the Siege of Vicksburg, when food ran drastically short, starving citizens of the city found that the peas, which they had up to that time only considered animal feed, were rather tasty if boiled with whatever meat was available. Though this lore has largely been discounted through history, it remains a loved tradition in the Southern US.

In India, in Tamil it is called Kārāmani, or Thatta Payir, the beans are called thatta kaai. In Oriya, it is called jhudunga (ଝୁଡୁଂଗ), in Bengali, it is called barboti kolai, in Kannada, it is called Alasande (ಅಲಸಂದೆ), in Telugu, it is called Alasandalu (అలసందలు), Bobbarlu (బొబ్బర్లు). In Hindi, it is called lobhia or bura (when used as a string bean). In Gujarati, these are called chola or chowla (ચોળા). In Marathi, these are called chawali or chavali (चवळी). It is an integral part of the cuisine in the southern region of India.

According to the USDA food database, the leaves of the cowpea plant have the highest percentage of calories from protein among vegetarian foods.

Traditional cooking

In Tamilnadu, India, between the Tamil months of Maasi (February) and Panguni (March), a cake-like dish called kozhukattai (steamed sweet dumplings - also called adai in Kerala) is prepared with cooked and mashed cowpeas mixed with jaggery, ghee, and other ingredients. Thatta payir in sambar and pulikkuzhambu (spicy semisolid gravy in tamarind paste) is a popular dish in Tamil Nadu.

In Sri Lanka, cowpeas (කවුපි in Sinhala) are cooked in many different ways, one of which is with coconut milk.

In Turkey, cowpeas can be lightly boiled, covered with olive oil, salt, thyme, and garlic sauce, and eaten as an appetizer. Also, they are cooked with garlic and tomatoes. And they can be eaten in bean salad.

Production and consumption

Subsistence farmers in the semiarid and subhumid regions of Africa are the major producers and consumers of cowpeas. These farmers not only use the beans for human consumption and animal feed, but also use the leaves and fruits for cooking. Cowpeas are widely grown in East Africa and Southeast Asia, primarily as a leafy vegetable. The amount of protein content of cowpea's leafy parts consumed annually in Africa and Asia is equivalent to 5 million tonnes of dry cowpea seeds, representing as much as 30% of the total food legume production in the lowland tropics. Cowpea fields cover 12.5 million hectares worldwide annually. West Africa and Central Africa are the leading cowpea-producing regions of the world, producing 64% of the estimated 3 million tonnes of cowpea seed produced annually. Nigeria is the world's leading cowpea-producing country. Other countries in Africa, for example, Ghana, Niger, Senegal, and Cameroon, are also significant producers. Outside Africa, the major production areas are Asia, Central America, and South America. Brazil is the world's second-leading producer of cowpea seed, producing 600,000 tonnes annually.

References

External links

• Cowpea research at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
• Network for Genetic Improvement of Cowpea for All (NGICA)
• Vigna unguiculata in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

English Journal

• Novel in situ evaluation of the role minerals play in the development of the hard-to-cook (HTC) defect of cowpeas and its effect on the in vitro mineral bioaccessibility.

• Kruger J1, Minnis-Ndimba R2, Mtshali C2, Minnaar A3.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 May 1;174:365-71. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.134. Epub 2014 Nov 3.
• Cowpea is a nutritionally important drought-resistant legume in sub-Saharan Africa. It is, however, underutilised, in part due to the hard-to-cook (HTC) defect caused by adverse storage conditions resulting in seeds not softening during cooking. This study introduced a novel evaluation of the potent
• PMID 25529693

• Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil nutrient concentration and phosphatase activity and forage nutrient uptake from a grazed pasture system.

• Dillard SL1, Wood CW2, Wood BH3, Feng Y4, Owsley WF5, Muntifering RB6.
• Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2015 May 1;154:208-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.035. Epub 2015 Feb 27.
• Over a 3-year period, the effect of differing N-application regimes on soil extractable-P concentration, soil phosphatase activity, and forage P uptake in a P-enriched grazed-pasture system was investigated. In the fall of each year, six 0.28-ha plots were overseeded with triticale ( × Triticosec
• PMID 25728918

• A screen for bacterial endosymbionts in the model organisms Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum, Callosobruchus maculatus, and related species.

• Goodacre SL1, Fricke C, Martin OY.
• Insect science.Insect Sci.2015 Apr;22(2):165-77. doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12096. Epub 2014 Mar 25.
• Reproductive parasites such as Wolbachia are extremely widespread amongst the arthropods and can have a large influence over the reproduction and fitness of their hosts. Undetected infections could thus confound the results of a wide range of studies that focus on aspects of host behavior, reproduct
• PMID 24347564

• Improvement of the antioxidant and hypolipidaemic effects of cowpea flours (Vigna unguiculata) by fermentation: results of in vitro and in vivo experiments.

• Kapravelou G1, Martínez R, Andrade AM, López Chaves C, López-Jurado M, Aranda P, Arrebola F, Cañizares FJ, Galisteo M, Porres JM.
• Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2015 Apr;95(6):1207-16. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6809. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
• BACKGROUND: The antioxidant capacity and hypolipidaemic effects of Vigna unguiculata, as well as their potential improvement by different fermentation and thermal processes were studied using in vitro and in vivo methods.RESULTS: Phenolic content and reducing capacity of legume acetone extract were
• PMID 25043425

Japanese Journal

• P037 ササゲにおけるorobanchol生合成遺伝子の解明に向けたRNA-seq解析(ポスター発表,植物化学調節学会第50回大会)

• 植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 50(Supplement), 55, 2015-10-01
• NAID 110010014953

• 5-2-3 熱帯強風化土壌においてマメ科作物が根圏土壌のリンの存在形態に与える影響の解明 : White lupin, Cowpea, Pigeon peaの比較から(5-2 土地分類利用・景域評価,2015年度京都大会)

• 日本土壌肥料学会講演要旨集 (61), 96, 2015-09-09
• NAID 110010020779

• The Microbial Changes of Fermenting Cowpea Seeds into a Novel Food Condiment (Agwaure) at Varying Temperatures and pH

• Asian journal of natural and applied sciences 4(2・3), 59-69, 2015-06
• NAID 40020688947

• Evaluation of Intercropping System of Maize and Leguminous Crops in the Nile Delta of Egypt

• Tropical Agriculture and Development 59(1), 14-19, 2015
• NAID 130005091262

Related Links

• Cowpea - Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue ...

Cowpea D.W. Davis 1, E.A. Oelke 1, E.S. Oplinger 2, J.D. Doll 2, C.V. Hanson 1, and D.H. Putnam 1 1 Departments of Horticultural Science, Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products ...

• Cowpea - Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue ...

Overview Cowpea is one of the most ancient crops known to man, with its center of origin and subsequent domestication being closely associated with pearl millet and sorghum. Now it is a broadly adapted and highly variable crop ...

• Cowpea - definition of cowpea by The Free Dictionary

cowpea - fruit or seed of the cowpea plant black-eyed pea legume - the fruit or seed of any of various bean or pea plants consisting of a case that splits along both sides when ripe and having the seeds attach to one side of the case ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

拡張検索	「cowpea chlorotic mottle virus」「cowpea mosaic virus」

「cowpea chlorotic mottle virus」

　　[★]

ササゲクロロティックモトルウイルス

関

brome mosaic virus、Bromoviridae、bromovirus、CCMV

「cowpea mosaic virus」

　　[★] ササゲモザイクウイルス CPMV