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perform mathematical and logical operations on (data) according to programmed instructions in order to obtain the required information; "The results of the elections were still being processed when he gave his acceptance speech"
a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states; "events now in process"; "the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls" (同)physical process
(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; "the process of thinking"; "the cognitive operation of remembering" (同)cognitive_process, mental_process, operation, cognitive operation
a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant; "a bony process" (同)outgrowth, appendage
a mental process that you are not directly aware of; "the process of denial" (同)unconscious process
subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition; "process cheese"; "process hair"; "treat the water so it can be drunk"; "treat the lawn with chemicals" ; "treat an oil spill" (同)treat
deal with in a routine way; "Ill handle that one"; "process a loan"; "process the applicants"
preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure; "the processing of newly arrived immigrants"; "the processing of ore to obtain minerals"
subjected to a special process or treatment; "prepared ergot"; "processed cheeses are easy to spread"
prepared or converted from a natural state by subjecting to a special process; "processed ores"

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(自然の)『作用』,過程 / (物事の)『手順』,方法 / (技術上の)製法,工程 / 召喚状,出頭令状;訴訟過程 / (動植物の組織の)隆起,突起 / 加工(処理,調整)した / 〈食品〉‘を'加工する / 〈写真フイルム〉‘を'現像する / 〈資料〉‘を'コンピューターにかける / …‘を'一定の手順で処理する,(整理する,調査する)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/10 05:48:49」(JST)

wiki en

The coracoid process (from Greek κόραξ, crow) is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula. Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles.

"Coracoid" in itself means "like a raven's beak", with reference to its shape. (Greek "Korax" = Raven)

Structure

The coracoid process is a thick curved process attached by a broad base to the upper part of the neck of the scapula; it runs at first upward and medialward; then, becoming smaller, it changes its direction, and projects forward and lateralward.

The ascending portion, flattened from before backward, presents in front a smooth concave surface, across which the Subscapularis passes.

The horizontal portion is flattened from above downward; its upper surface is convex and irregular, and gives attachment to the Pectoralis minor; its under surface is smooth; its medial and lateral borders are rough; the former gives attachment to the Pectoralis minor and the latter to the coracoacromial ligament; the apex is embraced by the conjoined tendon of origin of the Coracobrachialis and short head of the Biceps brachii and gives attachment to the coracoclavicular fascia.

On the medial part of the root of the coracoid process is a rough impression for the attachment of the conoid ligament; and running from it obliquely forward and lateralward, on to the upper surface of the horizontal portion, is an elevated ridge for the attachment of the trapezoid ligament. ^[1]

Function

It is the site of attachment for several structures:

The pectoralis minor muscle - to 3rd to 5th ribs.
The short head of biceps brachii muscle - to Radial tuberosity.
The coracobrachialis muscle - to medial humerus.
The coracoclavicular ligament - to the clavicle. (The ligament is formed by the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament.)
The coracoacromial ligament - to the acromion
The coracohumeral ligament - to the humerus
The superior transverse scapular ligament - from the base of the coracoid to the medial portion of the suprascapular notch

Clinical significance

The coracoid process is palpable just below the lateral end of the clavicle (collar bone). It is otherwise known as the "Surgeon's Lighthouse" because it serves as a landmark to avoid neurovascular damage.^[2] Major neurovascular structures enter the upper limb medial to the coracoid process, so that surgical approaches to the shoulder region should always take place laterally to the coracoid process.

Other animals

In monotremes, the coracoid is a separate bone. Reptiles, birds, and frogs (but not salamanders) also possess a bone by this name, but is not homologous with the coracoid process of mammals.^[3]

Analyses of the size and shape of the coracoid process in Australopithecus africanus (STS 7) have shown that in this species it displayed a prominent dorsolateral tubercle placed more laterally than in modern humans. This reflect, according to one interpretation, a scapula positioned high on a funnel-shaped thorax and a clavicle positioned obliquely as in extant great apes. ^[4]

Additional images

Left scapula. Coracoid process shown in red.
Animation. Coracoid process shown in red.
Left scapula. Lateral view. Coracoid process shown in red.

References

^ Gray's Anatomy (1918), see infobox.
^ Gallino, Mario; Santamaria, Eliana; Tiziana, Doro (1998). "Anthropometry of the scapula: Clinical and surgical considerations". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 7 (3): 284–291. doi:10.1016/S1058-2746(98)90057-X. "...defined by Matsen et al. as 'the lighthouse of the shoulder.'
- Matsen, Frederick A; Lippitt, Steven B; Sidles, John A; Douglas T, Harryman (1984). Practical Evaluation and Management of the Shoulder. ISBN 978-0-7216-4819-4.
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
^ Larson, Susan G. (2009). "Evolution of the Hominin Shoulder: Early Homo". In Grine, Frederick E.; Fleagle, John G.; Leakey, Richard E. The First Humans - Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo. Springer. pp. 65–6. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9980-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-9979-3.

External links

Bioweb at UWLAX aplab
Anatomy image: skel/scapula2 at Human Anatomy Lecture (Biology 129), Pennsylvania State University

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English Journal

Origin of the unique morphology of the shoulder girdle in turtles.

Nagashima H, Hirasawa T, Sugahara F, Takechi M, Usuda R, Sato N, Kuratani S.SourceLaboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Hyogo, Japan; Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
Journal of anatomy.J Anat.2013 Dec;223(6):547-556. doi: 10.1111/joa.12116. Epub 2013 Sep 30.
The shoulder girdle of turtles has a triradiate morphology. Although its dorsal process represents the scapular blade, the skeletal identities of the two ventral processes remain uncertain. To elucidate the question, developmental patterns of the girdles were compared between Chinese soft-shelled tu
PMID 24117338

Coracoid process x-ray investigation before Latarjet procedure: a radioanatomic study.

Bachy M, Lapner PL, Goutallier D, Allain J, Hernigou P, Bénichou J, Zilber S.SourceAP-HP, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France. Electronic address: manonbachy@hotmail.com.
Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons ... [et al.].J Shoulder Elbow Surg.2013 Dec;22(12):e10-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.06.016. Epub 2013 Sep 3.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a preoperative radiologic assessment of the coracoid process is predictive of the amount of bone available for coracoid transfer by the Latarjet procedure.MATERIAL: Thirty-five patients with anterior instability undergoing a Latarjet pro
PMID 24007647

Japanese Journal

体表指標を用いた肩関節True Anterior-Posterior撮影の検討

森田峻輔,藤澤宏信,加藤京一 [他]
日本放射線技術学会雑誌 70(6), 519-525, 2014-06
NAID 40020139410

症例鎖骨遠位端骨折に烏口突起剝離骨折を合併した2例

原谷健太郎,高橋正明,美馬雄一郎 [他]
整形・災害外科 57(7), 945-949, 2014-06
NAID 40020117284

肩甲帯損傷を伴う烏口突起骨折の2症例

中川亮,菊池直士,井上三四郎,宮崎幸政,松田匡弘,吉本憲生,阿久根広宣
整形外科と災害外科 63(2), 350-354, 2014
烏口突起は解剖学的に強固な支持機構に囲まれており，強い安定性を示すため外傷を受けにくい部位である．逆に骨折を認めた場合には強い外力が加わっており，多数の肩甲帯損傷を合併するのが特徴である．烏口突起に烏口鎖骨靱帯を介しての剪断力と牽引力が働き骨折が生じ，肩甲帯損傷との合併損傷例に関しては不安定性が大きいため観血的整復が必要と考えられる．今回烏口突起骨折に肩鎖関節脱臼，鎖骨遠位端骨折を合併した2症例に …
NAID 130004910549

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「烏口突起」
関連記事	「process」「processing」

「烏口突起」

Coracoid process
	Left scapula. Anterior view. Coracoid process shown in red.
	Anterior view. Coracoid process shown in red.
Details
Latin	Processus coracoideus
Identifiers
Gray's	p.207
Dorlands; /Elsevier	p_34/12667398
TA	A02.4.01.023
FMA	13455
	Anatomical terms of bone