WordNet

a quantity that is added or subtracted in order to increase the accuracy of a scientific measure (同)fudge factor
the act of offering an improvement to replace a mistake; setting right (同)rectification
a drop in stock market activity or stock prices following a period of increases; "market runups are invariably followed by a correction"
treatment of a specific defect; "the correction of his vision with eye glasses"
a rebuke for making a mistake (同)chastening, chastisement
something substituted for an error
uninterrupted connection or union
the property of a continuous and connected period of time (同)persistence
a detailed script used in making a film in order to avoid discontinuities from shot to shot
the social control of offenders through a system of imprisonment and rehabilitation and probation and parole
the department of local government that is responsible for managing the treatment of convicted offenders; "for a career in corrections turn to the web site of the New Jersey Department of Corrections" (同)department of corrections

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/25 07:39:51」(JST)

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In probability theory, a continuity correction is an adjustment that is made when a discrete distribution is approximated by a continuous distribution.

Examples

Binomial

If a random variable X has a binomial distribution with parameters n and p, i.e., X is distributed as the number of "successes" in n independent Bernoulli trials with probability p of success on each trial, then

for any x ∈ {0, 1, 2, ... n}. If np and np(1 − p) are large (sometimes taken to mean ≥ 5), then the probability above is fairly well approximated by

where Y is a normally distributed random variable with the same expected value and the same variance as X, i.e., E(Y) = np and var(Y) = np(1 − p). This addition of 1/2 to x is a continuity correction.

Poisson

A continuity correction can also be applied when other discrete distributions supported on the integers are approximated by the normal distribution. For example, if X has a Poisson distribution with expected value λ then the variance of X is also λ, and

if Y is normally distributed with expectation and variance both λ.

Applications

Before the ready availability of statistical software having the ability to evaluate probability distribution functions accurately, continuity corrections played an important role in the practical application of statistical tests in which the test statistic has a discrete distribution: it was a special importance for manual calculations. A particular example of this is the binomial test, involving the binomial distribution, as in checking whether a coin is fair. Where extreme accuracy is not necessary, computer calculations for some ranges of parameters may still rely on using continuity corrections to improve accuracy while retaining simplicity.

References

Devore, Jay L., Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, Fourth Edition, Duxbury Press, 1995.
Feller, W., On the normal approximation to the binomial distribution, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 16 No. 4, Page 319-329, 1945.

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English Journal

Successful use of ring pessary with support for advanced pelvic organ prolapse.

Ding J1, Chen C1, Song XC1, Zhang L1, Deng M1, Zhu L2.
International urogynecology journal.Int Urogynecol J.2015 Oct;26(10):1517-23. doi: 10.1007/s00192-015-2738-1. Epub 2015 May 16.
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Support pessaries are not recommended for patients with advanced prolapse. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of the ring pessary with support for the treatment of advanced pelvic organ prolapse (POP).METHODS: We conducted this prospective study on pessary fittings
PMID 25982787

STR-based genetic structure of the Berber population of Bejaia (Northern Algeria) and its relationships to various ethnic groups.

Amir N1, Sahnoune M2, Chikhi L3, Atmani D4.
Gene.Gene.2015 Aug 5. pii: S0378-1119(15)00945-2. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Patterns of genetic variation in human populations have been described for decades. However, North Africa has received little attention and Algeria, in particular, is poorly studied, Here we genotyped a Berber-speaking population from Algeria using 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci D8S1179, D21S11,
PMID 26253162

The association of fractional CO2 laser 10.600nm and photodynamic therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis.

Oliveira GB1, Antonio JR1, Antonio CR1, Tomé FA1.
Anais brasileiros de dermatologia.An Bras Dermatol.2015 Aug;90(4):468-71. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153588.
BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails caused in most cases by dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Despite numerous available antifungal drugs for therapy of this infection, the cure rate is low, with high rates of relapse after treatment and side
PMID 26375214

Japanese Journal

言語情報の獲得と前方誤り訂正手法 : シャノン情報理論の誤り検出と誤り訂正(一般,Resilient Network,ディザスタ・リカバリ,BCP(Business Continuity Plan),臨時ネットワーク構築,省電力ネットワーク技術,TCP/IP,プロトコル,ルーチング,ネットワーク管理,認証/ID管理及び一般)

得丸公明
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. IN, 情報ネットワーク 112(230), 145-150, 2012-10-03
インターネットが人類の知のゲノムを提供する.我々は知のゲノムとどのように付き合えばよいのか.筆者が行なったヒト言語のデジタル起源研究の過程で経験した先行研究者の言語情報の取り込み手法と紹介し,その際に感じたシャノン理論への疑問について報告する.
NAID 110009636551

2D/3D変換におけるラベルマップを用いた隠れ面補償(立体映像技術一般)

河合直樹,佐々木晃洋,松原孝博
映像情報メディア学会技術報告 35(22), 9-12, 2011-06-09
2D/3D変換では原画像に対応して与えたデプスマップに基づいて3次元メッシュを構成し,これを複数の視点位置からレンダリングする手法が一般的であるが,視差により現れる隠れ面の抽出と,現れた隠れ面内部を周囲と違和感なく描画する隠れ面補償が重要である.本報告では,デプスマップに加えて物体のIDを記録したラベルマップを導入した簡便で実用的な隠れ面補償の事例を紹介する.
NAID 110008687520

A SADDLEPOINT APPROXIMATION TO A NONPARAMETRIC TEST FOR ORDERED ALTERNATIVES

Murakami Hidetoshi,Kamakura Toshinari
Journal of the Japan Statistical Society 39(2), 143-153, 2009-12-01
… Herein, we performed a saddlepoint approximation with continuity correction in the upper tails for the Jonckheere-Terpstra statistic under finite sample sizes. …
NAID 10025991989