WordNet

a quantity that is added or subtracted in order to increase the accuracy of a scientific measure (同)fudge factor
the act of offering an improvement to replace a mistake; setting right (同)rectification
a drop in stock market activity or stock prices following a period of increases; "market runups are invariably followed by a correction"
treatment of a specific defect; "the correction of his vision with eye glasses"
a rebuke for making a mistake (同)chastening, chastisement
something substituted for an error
uninterrupted connection or union
the property of a continuous and connected period of time (同)persistence
a detailed script used in making a film in order to avoid discontinuities from shot to shot
the social control of offenders through a system of imprisonment and rehabilitation and probation and parole
the department of local government that is responsible for managing the treatment of convicted offenders; "for a career in corrections turn to the web site of the New Jersey Department of Corrections" (同)department of corrections

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『訂正』,修正,調整 / 〈C〉訂正箇所,訂正の書き入れ / 〈U〉(よくするための)処罰,叱責(しっせき)
〈U〉連続,断続,一貫性 / 〈U〉(映画・ラジオ・テレビの)コンテ,撮影(録音)用台本;〈C〉コンテに書かれた個々の指示

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/28 13:43:26」(JST)

wiki en

In statistics, Yates' correction for continuity (or Yates' chi-squared test) is used in certain situations when testing for independence in a contingency table. In some cases, Yates' correction may adjust too far, and so its current use is limited.

Correction for approximation error

Using the chi-squared distribution to interpret Pearson's chi-squared statistic requires one to assume that the discrete probability of observed binomial frequencies in the table can be approximated by the continuous chi-squared distribution. This assumption is not quite correct, and introduces some error.

To reduce the error in approximation, Frank Yates, an English statistician, suggested a correction for continuity that adjusts the formula for Pearson's chi-squared test by subtracting 0.5 from the difference between each observed value and its expected value in a 2 × 2 contingency table.^[1] This reduces the chi-squared value obtained and thus increases its p-value.

The effect of Yates' correction is to prevent overestimation of statistical significance for small data. This formula is chiefly used when at least one cell of the table has an expected count smaller than 5. Unfortunately, Yates' correction may tend to overcorrect. This can result in an overly conservative result that fails to reject the null hypothesis when it should (a type II error). So it is suggested that Yates' correction is unnecessary even with quite low sample sizes,^[2] such as:

\sum _{i=1}^{N}O_{i}=20\,

The following is Yates' corrected version of Pearson's chi-squared statistics:

\chi _{\text{Yates}}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{(|O_{i}-E_{i}|-0.5)^{2} \over E_{i}}

where:

O_i = an observed frequency

E_i = an expected (theoretical) frequency, asserted by the null hypothesis

N = number of distinct events

2 × 2 table

As a short-cut, for a 2 × 2 table with the following entries:

	S	F
A	a	b	N_A
B	c	d	N_B
	N_S	N_F	N

we can write

\chi _{\text{Yates}}^{2}={\frac {N(|ad-bc|-N/2)^{2}}{N_{S}N_{F}N_{A}N_{B}}}.

In some cases, this is better.

\chi _{\text{Yates}}^{2}={\frac {N(\max(0,|ad-bc|-N/2))^{2}}{N_{S}N_{F}N_{A}N_{B}}}.

References

^ Yates, F (1934). "Contingency table involving small numbers and the χ² test". Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 1(2): 217–235. JSTOR 2983604
^ Sokal RR, Rohlf F.J. (1981). Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. Oxford: W.H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-1254-7.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 浸透圧性脱髄症候群と低ナトリウム血症の過度に急速な補正 osmotic demyelination syndrome and overly rapid correction of hyponatremia
2. SPECT放射性核種心筋血流イメージングにおける減衰によるアーチファクト attenuation artifact in spect radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging
3. 高ナトリウム血症の治療 treatment of hypernatremia
4. 成人における低ナトリウム血症の治療の概要 overview of the treatment of hyponatremia in adults
5. 小児における白内障 cataract in children

English Journal

Six-month progression-free survival as the primary endpoint to evaluate the activity of new agents as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma.

Agarwal N1, Bellmunt J2, Maughan BL1, Boucher KM3, Choueiri TK4, Qu AQ4, Vogelzang NJ5, Fougeray R6, Niegisch G7, Albers P7, Wong YN8, Ko YJ9, Sridhar SS10, Tantravahi SK1, Galsky MD11, Petrylak DP12, Vaishampayan UN13, Mehta AN14, Beer TM15, Sternberg CN16, Rosenberg JE17, Sonpavde G18.
Clinical genitourinary cancer.Clin Genitourin Cancer.2014 Apr;12(2):130-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2013.09.002. Epub 2013 Sep 28.
OBJECTIVE: Second-line systemic therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) has substantial unmet needs, and current agents show dismal activity. Second-line trials of metastatic UC have used response rate (RR) and median progression-free survival (PFS) as primary endpoints, which may not reflect
PMID 24220220

Surgical management and outcome of blunt major liver injuries: experience of damage control laparotomy with perihepatic packing in one trauma centre.

Lin BC1, Fang JF, Chen RJ, Wong YC, Hsu YP.
Injury.Injury.2014 Jan;45(1):122-7. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.08.022. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study aimed to assess the clinical experience and outcome of damage control laparotomy with perihepatic packing in the management of blunt major liver injuries.MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2006, 58 patients of blunt major liver injury, America
PMID 24054002

Habitat, wildlife, and one health: Arcanobacterium pyogenes in Maryland and Upper Eastern Shore white-tailed deer populations.

Turner MM1, Deperno CS, Conner MC, Eyler TB, Lancia RA, Klaver RW, Stoskopf MK.
Infection ecology & epidemiology.Infect Ecol Epidemiol.2013 Aug 6;3. doi: 10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175. Print 2013.
BACKGROUND: Understanding the distribution of disease in wildlife is key to predicting the impact of emerging zoonotic one health concerns, especially for wildlife species with extensive human and livestock interfaces. The widespread distribution and complex interactions of white-tailed deer (Odocoi
PMID 23930157