WordNet

undergo a test; "She doesnt test well"
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" (同)mental test, mental testing, psychometric test
the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" (同)trial
the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" (同)trial, run
a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" (同)prove, try, try out, examine, essay
achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools"
determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV"
an examination of the characteristics of something; "there are laboratories for commercial testing"; "it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox"
the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works; "they agreed to end the testing of atomic weapons"
tested and proved useful or correct; "a tested method" (同)tried, well-tried
tested and proved to be reliable (同)time-tested, tried, tried and true
an enzyme that induces coagulation

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(人の能力などの)『試験』,考査,テスト / (物事の)『試験』,検済,試錬,実験《+of+名》 / 化学分析;試薬 / =test match / …‘を'『試験する』,検査する / …‘を'化学分析する / (…の)試験を受ける,試験をする《+for+名》
testis の複数形

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/06 21:36:09」(JST)

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(TEM cryomicroscopy technique) - S. aureus forms a fibrin capsule that protects it from the immune system of cattle

Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates. Importantly, S. aureus is generally coagulase-positive, meaning that coagulase negativity usually excludes S. aureus. However it is now known that not all S. aureus are coagulase-positive.^[1]^[2]

It is also produced by Yersinia pestis.^[3]

Coagulase reacts with prothrombin in the blood. The resulting complex is called staphylothrombin, which enables the enzyme protease to convert fibrinogen, a plasma protein produced by the liver, to fibrin. This results in clotting of the blood. Coagulase is tightly bound to the surface of the bacterium S. aureus and can coat its surface with fibrin upon contact with blood. The fibrin clot may protect the bacterium from phagocytosis and isolate it from other defenses of the host.^[4]The fibrin coat can therefore make the bacteria more virulent. Bound coagulase is part of the larger family of MSCRAMM.

Coagulase test

The coagulase test has traditionally been used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci. S.aureus produces two forms of coagulase (i.e., bound coagulase and free coagulase). Bound coagulase, otherwise known as "clumping factor", can be detected by carrying out a slide coagulase test, and free coagulase can be detected using a tube coagulase test.

Slide test

A slide coagulase test is run with a negative control to rule out autoagglutination. Two drops of saline are put onto the slide labeled with sample number, Test (T) and control (C). The two saline drops are emulsified with the test organism using a wire loop, straight wire, or wooden stick. A drop of plasma (rabbit plasma anticoagulated with EDTA is recommended)^[5] is placed on the inoculated saline drop corresponding to test, and mixed well, then the slide is rocked gently for about 10 seconds.

If 'positive', macroscopic clumping would be observed in the plasma within 10 seconds, with no clumping in the saline drop.
If 'negative', no clumping will be observed.

If the slide coagulase test is negative, a tube test should follow as a confirmation. Clumping in both drops is an indication of autoagglutination, so a tube test should be carried out. Tube test is not performed each institutions but most of the result depends on blood cultures from lab.

Tube test

A fibrin clot formed in a test tube by the coagulase reaction

The tube test uses rabbit plasma that has been inoculated with a staphylococcal colony (i.e., Gram-positive cocci which are catalase positive). The tube is then incubated at 37 °C for 1.5 hours. If negative, then incubation is continued up to 18 hours.

If 'positive' (e.g., the suspect colony is S. aureus), the plasma will coagulate,^[6] resulting in a clot (sometimes the clot is so pronounced, the liquid will completely solidify).
If 'negative', the plasma remains a liquid. The negative result may be S. epidermidis but only a more detailed identification test can confirm this, using biochemical tests as in analytical profile index tests methods. A false negative can be perceived if the sample is not allowed to cool for about 30 minutes at room temperature or 10 minutes in the freezer, given that the serum can melt. If truly negative, the serum will remain liquid after cooling.
List of coagulase-positive staphylococci: Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius, S. a. aureus, S. a. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, and Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans.
List of coagulase-negative staphylococci of clinical significance: S. saprophyticus, S.cohnii subsp. cohnii, S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum, S. captitus subsp. captitus, S. warneri, S.hominis, S.epidermidis, S. caprae, and S.lugdunensis

References

^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ PreTest, Surgery, 12th ed., p.88
^ "coagulase" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Funke, Berdell R.; Case, Christine L. (2013). Microbiology: An Introduction (11 ed.). Glenview, IL: Pearson Education Inc. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-321-73360-3.
^ A.Forbes, Betty; Daniel F.Sahm; Alice S.Weissfeld. BAILEY& SCOTT'S Diagnostic Microbiology (Tenth ed.). Don Ladig. pp. 430–431. ISBN 0-8151-2535-6.
^ "coagulase test" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

External links

Tube coagulase test - rabbit plasma video
Coagulase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Coagulase test procedure

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1. ダウン症および18トリソミーに対するスクリーニングのための、妊娠初期におけるcombined testおよびintegrated test first trimester combined test and integrated tests for screening for down syndrome and trisomy 18
2. ノンストレス検査および収縮ストレス検査 nonstress test and contraction stress test
3. 細菌検査室におけるグラム染色および培養結果に対するアプローチ approach to gram stain and culture results in the microbiology laboratory
4. S. lugdunensis
5. バソプレシンおよびデスモプレシン刺激試験 vasopressin and desmopressin stimulation test

English Journal

Mupirocin Resistance in Isolates of Staphylococcus spp. from Nasal Swabs in a Tertiary Hospital in France.

Trouillet-Assant S1, Flammier S2, Sapin A2, Dupieux C3, Dumitrescu O3, Tristan A3, Vandenesch F3, Rasigade JP3, Laurent F3.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2015 Aug;53(8):2713-5. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00274-15. Epub 2015 May 27.
Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic largely used to eradicate staphylococcal nasal carriage. Here, we investigated the prevalence of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates recovered from patients in different wards in a hospital (Lyon, France), which w
PMID 26019208

Could ceftaroline be an alternative therapy for linezolid resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis infections in Intensive Care Medicine?

Candel FJ1, Baos E, Nieto M, Picazo JJ.
Revista española de quimioterapia : publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia.Rev Esp Quimioter.2015 Aug;28(4):214-6.
INTRODUCTION: Coagulase negative Staphylococcus continues generating interest in critically ill patients, due to their infections in extended admissions, in instrumented patients and due to their described multidrug resistance, which include glycopeptide heterorresistance and the increase in oxazoli
PMID 26200031

Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance phenotypes and genotypes of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from bovine mastitis.

Li L1, Feng W2, Zhang Z3, Xue H4, Zhao X5,6.
BMC veterinary research.BMC Vet Res.2015 Jul 25;11:168. doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0492-8.
BACKGROUND: There are limited data available on macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from bovine milk in China. To address this knowledge gap, MLS resistance was determined in 121 S. aureus and 97 CoNS
PMID 26209340

Japanese Journal

Evaluation of TEMPO STA for the Enumeration of Coagulase-positive Staphylococci in Cheese

TORLAK Emrah,AKAN İbrahim Mustafa
Food Science and Technology Research 18(5), 645-650, 2012
… TEMPO STA is based on traditional most probable number technique and is a test for use with the TEMPO system for an automated enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci in 24 h in food products. … In this study, TEMPO STA was compared with Baird-Parker (BP) agar which is the most cited medium in reference methods for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheese. …
NAID 130002538069

Bacterial substitution of coagulase-negative staphylococci for streptococci on the oral mucosa after hematopoietic cell transplantation

Soga Yoshihiko,Maeda Yoshinobu,Ishimaru Fumihiko,Tanimoto Mitsune,Maeda Hiroshi,Nishimura Fusanori,Takashiba Shogo
Supportive Care in Cancer 19(7), 995-1000, 2011-07-00
… Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are frequently isolated from blood cultures of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) patients. … 0.05, chi (2) test): 14.5-53.3% and 92.7-53.1%, respectively. … 0.05, chi (2) test), but also occurred in cases with short-term or no antibiotic use. …
NAID 120005147120

Related Pictures

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リンク元	「コアグラーゼ試験」
関連記事	「testing」「test」

「コアグラーゼ試験」

　　[★]

英: coagulase test
関: コアグラーゼ

「testing」

　　[★]

n.

試験

関: assessment、data quality、exam、examination、examine、experimental design、matched group、measurement、research design、scoring method、test、trial

「test」

　　[★] テスト　　　　　　　　　　

[1] Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[2] PreTest, Surgery, 12th ed., p.88

[3] "coagulase" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[4] Tortora, Gerard J.; Funke, Berdell R.; Case, Christine L. (2013). Microbiology: An Introduction (11 ed.). Glenview, IL: Pearson Education Inc. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-321-73360-3.

[5] A.Forbes, Betty; Daniel F.Sahm; Alice S.Weissfeld. BAILEY& SCOTT'S Diagnostic Microbiology (Tenth ed.). Don Ladig. pp. 430–431. ISBN 0-8151-2535-6.

[6] "coagulase test" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

v t e Proteases: aspartate proteases (EC 3.4.23)
Vertebrate	Pepsin Chymosin Renin Signal peptide peptidase Beta secretase 1 2
Pathogenic	Plasmepsin HIV-1 protease
Plant	Nepenthesin
Cathepsin	D E

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list)

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coagulase test