WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
most important element; "the chief aim of living"; "the main doors were of solid glass"; "the principal rivers of America"; "the principal example"; "policemen were primary targets"; "the master bedroom"; "a master switch" (同)main, primary, principal, master
the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet (同)khi

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
(組織・集団の)『長』;長官,局(部,課)長;(部族の)長 / 『最高位の』,長である / 『最も重要な』,おもな(most important; main)
キー(ギリシア語アルファベットの第22字X,x;英語のchに相当)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/16 17:18:21」(JST)

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In human anatomy, there are two types of chief cells, the gastric chief cell and the parathyroid chief cell.

Cell Types

A gastric chief cell (also known as a symogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen^[1] and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells.^[2] This type of cell also secretes gastric lipase enzymes, which help digest triglycerides into free fatty acids and di- and mono-glycerides.^[3] There is also evidence that the gastric chief cell secretes leptin in response to the presence of food in the stomach. Leptin has been found in the pepsinogen granules of chief cells.^[4]

Gastric pit cells are replaced every 2–4 days. This high rate of turnover is a protective mechanism designed to protect the epithelial lining of the stomach from both the proteolytic action of pepsin and the acid produced by parietal cells.^[5] Gastric chief cells are much longer lived and are believed to differentiate from stem cells located higher in the gastric unit in the isthmus.^[1] These stem cells differentiate into mucous neck cells in the isthmus and transition into chief cells as they migrate towards the base. Since the mucus neck cells do not divide as it becomes a chief cell this process is known as transdifferentiation.^[6] The gene Mist1 has been shown to regulate mucus neck cell to chief cell transdifferentiation and plays a role in the normal development of the chief cell organelles and structures.^[6]

The parathyroid chief cell is the primary cell of the parathyroid gland. It produces and secretes parathyroid hormone in response to low calcium levels. PTH plays an important role in regulating blood calcium levels by raising the amount of calcium in the blood.^[7] Parathyroid tissue seems to have a low turn-over rate.^[8]

Histology

Gastric chief cells are epithelial cells found deep within the gastric unit or gastric gland, and form the base of the gastric unit.^[9] The gastric chief cell has an extensive network of lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum organized around the nucleus. The gastric chief cell also contains many large secretory vesicles filled with digestive enzymes in the apical cytoplasm.^[6]

Parathyroid chief cells make up the majority of the parathyroid gland along with adipocytes and oxyphil cells. Parathyroid chief cells have large amounts of organelles associated with protein synthesis. As in many endocrine organs, with age, more oxyphil cells appear in the parathyroid gland.^[10]

Diseases

In gastric tissue, a loss of parietal cells due to chronic inflammation has been shown to affect chief cell differentiation and can induce chief cells to transdifferentiate back into neck cells and can lead to the formation of mucus cell metaplasia known as spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia (SPEM) that could be precancerous.^[11] If parietal cells are lost, mature chief cells do not form. Parietal cells may secrete factors that lead to transdifferentiation of chief cells, so if lost, chief cells do not normally develop.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b Ramsey, V. G., Doherty, J. M., & Chen, C. C. (2007). The maturation of mucus-secreting gastric epithelial progenitors into digestive-enzyme secreting zymogenic cells requires mist. Development and Disease, 134, 211-222. doi: 10.1242/dev.02700
^ MeSH http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Chief+Cells,+Gastric&field=entry
^ http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=chief%20cells
^ Pico, C., Oliver, P., Sanchez, J., & Palou, A. (2003). Gastric leptin: A putative role in the short-tem regulation of food intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 90, 735-741. doi: 10.1079/BJN2003945
^ Boron, W. F., Waisbren, S. J., Modlin, I. M., & Geibel, J. P. (1994). Unique permeability barrier of the apical surface of parietal and chief cells in isolated perfused gastric glands. Journal of Experimental Biology, 196, 347-360.
^ ^a ^b ^c Goldenring, J. R., Nam, K. T., & Mills, J. C. (2011). The origin of pre-neoplastic metaplasia in the stomach: Chief cells emerge from the mist. Experimental Cell research, 317(19), 2759-2764. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.08.017
^ Fabbri, S. (2010). P12-pthc1: A continuing cell line expressing pth and genes involved in calcium homeostasis. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism, 7(3), 207-240.
^ Costa-Guda, J., Tokura, T., Roth, S. I., & Arnold, A. (2007). Mitochondrial dna mutations in oxyphilic and chief cell parathyroid adenomas. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 7(8), doi: 10.1186/1472-6823-7-8
^ http://www.proteinscience.org/details/journalArticle/115779/Molecular_mechanisms_for_the_conversion_of_zymogens_to_active_proteolytic_enzyme.html
^ http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/histologyreference/hrendo.htm
^ Bredameyer, A. J., Geahlen, J. H., & Weis, V. G. (2009). The gastric epithelial progenitor cell niche and differentiation of the zymogenic (chief) cell lineage. Developmental Biology, 325(1), 211-224. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.025
^ Nam, K. T. (2010). Mature chief cells are cryptic progenitors for metaplasia in the stomach. Gastroenterology, 139(6), 2028-2037. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.005-

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