WordNet

give a structure to; "I need to structure my days"
a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts; "the structure consisted of a series of arches"; "she wore her hair in an amazing construction of whirls and ribbons" (同)construction
the manner of construction of something and the arrangement of its parts; "artists must study the structure of the human body"; "the structure of the benzene molecule"
a particular complex anatomical part of a living thing; "he has good bone structure" (同)anatomical structure, complex body part, bodily structure, body structure
the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; "his lectures have no structure"
of or made from or using substances produced by or used in reactions involving atomic or molecular changes; "chemical fertilizer"
material produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules (同)chemical substance
relating to or used in chemistry; "chemical engineer"; "chemical balance" (同)chemic
having definite and highly organized structure; "a structured environment"

PrepTutorEJDIC

{C}(建物・橋などの)建造物 / {U}(…の)構造,誠成,組織《+of~名》 / {C}構造(構成)体,組織体 / 〈思想など〉‘を'組み立てる,組織化する
『化学の』,化学上の;化学的な,化学作用による / 化学薬品の,化学薬品を用いる / 『化学薬品』(『製品』)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/21 23:12:32」(JST)

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A chemical structure determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together, and can be represented using structural formulae and by molecular models;^{[citation needed]} complete electronic structure descriptions include specifying the occupation of a molecule's molecular orbitals.^{[citation needed]} Structure determination can be applied to a range of targets from very simple molecules (e.g., diatomic oxygen or nitrogen), to very complex ones (e.g., such as of protein or DNA).

Theories of chemical structure were first developed by August Kekule, Archibald Scott Couper, and Aleksandr Butlerov, among others, from about 1858.^{[citation needed]} These theories were first to state that chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups, but rather had a definite order defined by the valency of the atoms composing the molecule, giving the molecules a three dimensional structure that could be determined or solved.

In determining structures of chemical compounds, one generally aims to obtain, minimally, the pattern and multiplicity of bonding between all atoms in the molecule; when possible, one seeks the three dimensional spatial coordinates of the atoms in the molecule (or other solid).^{[citation needed]} The methods by which one can elucidate the structure of a molecule include spectroscopies such as nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and carbon-13 NMR), various methods of mass spectrometry (to give overall molecular mass, as well as fragment masses), and x-ray crystallography when applicable.^{[citation needed]} The last technique can produce three-dimensional models at atomic-scale resolution, as long as crystals are available.^{[citation needed]} When a molecule has an unpaired electron spin in a functional group of its structure, ENDOR and electron-spin resonance spectroscopes may also be performed. Techniques such as absorption spectroscopy and the vibrational spectroscopies, infrared and Raman, provide, respectively, important supporting information about the numbers and adjacencies of multiple bonds, and about the types of functional groups (whose internal bonding gives vibrational signatures); further inferential studies that give insight into the contributing electronic structure of molecules include cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These latter techniques become all the more important when the molecules contain metal atoms, and when the crystals required by crystallography or the specific atom types that are required by NMR are unavailable to exploit in the structure determination. Finally, more specialized methods such as electron microscopy are also applicable in some cases.

References

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1. プロゲステロン受容体モジュレーター（PRM）の薬理学および作用機序 pharmacology and mechanism of action of progesterone receptor modulators prms
2. 化学テロ：早急な認識および初回薬物治療マネージメント chemical terrorism rapid recognition and initial medical management
3. 免疫グロブリンの構造 structure of immunoglobulins
4. 成人における刺激性接触皮膚炎 irritant contact dermatitis in adults
5. 三環系抗うつ剤および四環系抗うつ剤：薬理学、投与、および副作用 tricyclic and tetracyclic drugs pharmacology administration and side effects

English Journal

Wrinkled, wavelength-tunable graphene-based surface topographies for directing cell alignment and morphology.

Wang Z1, Tonderys D2, Leggett SE3, Williams EK2, Kiani MT2, Steinberg RS4, Qiu Y4, Wong IY5, Hurt RH6.
Carbon.Carbon N Y.2016 Feb 1;97:14-24.
Textured surfaces with periodic topographical features and long-range order are highly attractive for directing cell-material interactions. They mimic physiological environments more accurately than planar surfaces and can fundamentally alter cell alignment, shape, gene expression, and cellular asse
PMID 25848137

Voltammetric determination of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Se in milk and dairy products collected from Iran: An emphasis on permissible limits and risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals.

Shahbazi Y1, Ahmadi F2, Fakhari F1.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Feb 1;192:1060-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.123. Epub 2015 Jul 28.
This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of some heavy metals in dairy products, collected from five industrial regions in Iran (n=250 samples) during winter and summer in 2013. The samples were analyzed using the differential pulse anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry techniq
PMID 26304448

Comments on "Solubility and thermodynamic behavior of vanillin in propane-1,2-diol+water cosolvent mixtures at different temperatures".

Jouyban A1, Acree WE Jr2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Feb 1;192:1049-50. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.120. Epub 2015 Jul 26.
PMID 26304446

Japanese Journal

Lifetime-Broadening-Suppressed X-ray Absorption Spectrum of β-YbAlB<sub>4</sub>Deduced from Yb 3<italic>d</italic>→ 2<italic>p</italic>Resonant X-ray Emission Spectroscopy