WordNet

form vertical ribs by knitting; "A ribbed sweater"
a projecting molding on the underside of a vault or ceiling; may be ornamental or structural
support resembling the rib of an animal
any of the 12 pairs of curved arches of bone extending from the spine to or toward the sternum in humans (and similar bones in most vertebrates) (同)costa
a riblike supporting or strengthening part of an animal or plant
a teasing remark
cut of meat including one or more ribs
relating to or associated with the neck
of or relating to the cervix of the uterus; "cervical cancer"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『肋骨』(ろっこつ),あばら骨 / (骨付きの)あばら肉 / 肋骨状の物;(船の)肋骨,肋材(ろくざい);(丸天井の)萩減(ろく)(建物・橋の)横ばり;(かさなどの) 骨 / 葉脈(vein) / (編物・織物の)うね / …‘に'肋骨(肋材)をつける / 〈編物〉‘に'うね模様をつける / 《話》…‘を'いじめる,からかう
(子宮などの)頚(けい)部の(にできた)
roentgen / recto

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/30 06:09:02」(JST)

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3D CT reconstruction of a cervical rib.

Bilateral, symmetric, full, ossified cervical ribs.

A cervical rib in humans is an extra rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. Sometimes known as "neck ribs",^[1] their presence is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. A cervical rib is estimated to occur in 0.6% (1 in 150 people)^[2] to 0.8%^[3] of the population. People may have a cervical rib on the right, left or both sides.^[4]

Most cases of cervical ribs are not clinically relevant and do not have symptoms; cervical ribs are generally discovered incidentally.^[4]^[3] However, they vary widely in size and shape,^[3] and in rare cases, they may cause problems such as contributing to thoracic outlet syndrome, because of pressure on the nerves that may be caused by the presence of the rib.^[5]

A cervical rib represents a persistent ossification of the C7 lateral costal element. During early development, this ossified costal element typically becomes re-absorbed. Failure of this process results in a variably elongated transverse process or complete rib that can be anteriorly fused with the T1 first rib below.^[6]

On imaging, cervical ribs can be distinguished because their transverse processes are directed inferolaterally, whereas those of the adjacent thoracic spine are directed anterolaterally.^[7]

Associated conditions

The presence of a cervical rib can cause a form of thoracic outlet syndrome due to compression of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus or subclavian artery. These structures become encroached upon by the cervical rib and scalene muscles.

Compression of the brachial plexus may be identified by weakness of the muscles around the muscles in the hand, near the base of the thumb. Compression of the subclavian artery is often diagnosed by finding a positive Adson's sign on examination, where the radial pulse in the arm is lost during abduction and external rotation of the shoulder. A positive Adson's sign is non-specific for the presence of a cervical rib however, as many individuals without a cervical rib will have a positive test.

Other animals

Many vertebrates, especially reptiles, have cervical ribs as a normal part of their anatomy rather than a pathological condition. Some sauropods had exceptionally long cervical ribs; those of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis were nearly 4 meters long.

In birds, the cervical ribs are small and completely fused to the vertebrae.

In mammals the ventral parts of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae are the fused-on cervical ribs.

Recent studies have also found a high percent of cervical ribs in woolly mammoths. It is believed that the decline in mammoth numbers may have forced inbreeding within the species which in turn has increased the number of mammoths being born with cervical ribs. Cervical ribs have been connected with leukaemia in human children, so it has given scientists new evidence to believe that the mammoth's extinction was attributed to the condition.^[8]

Anatomy diagrams

Detailed diagrams of a cervical rib

References

^ Selim, Jocelyn. "Useless Body Parts".
^ Galis F (1999). "Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and cancer". J. Exp. Zool. 285 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10327647.
^ ^a ^b ^c Terry Yochum; Lindsay Rowe (2005). Essentials of Skeletal Radiology (3 ed.). Lippencott & Williams.
^ ^a ^b Walden, Michael; et al. (2013). "Cervical ribs: identification on MRI and clinical relevance". Clinical Imaging. 37 (5): 938–941.
^ Guttentag, Adam; Salwen, Julia (1999). "Keep Your Eyes on the Ribs: The Spectrum of Normal Variants and Diseases That Involve the Ribs". RadioGraphics. 19 (5). doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.5.g99se011125.
^ E. McNally, B. Sandin & R. A. Wilkins (June 1990). "The ossification of the costal element of the seventh cervical vertebra with particular reference to cervical ribs". Journal of anatomy. 170: 125–129. PMC 1257068. PMID 2123844.
^ Balan, Nisha Sharma, Anu (2008). Get through FRCR part 2B : rapid reporting of plain radiographs. London: Royal Society of Medicine. ISBN 978-1853157547.
^ Woolly Mammoths Suffered Major Birth Defects Before Extinction

UpToDate Contents

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1. 胸郭出口症候群の概要 overview of thoracic outlet syndromes
2. 腕神経叢症候群 brachial plexus syndromes
3. 原発性（特発性）上肢深部静脈血栓症 primary spontaneous upper extremity deep vein thrombosis
4. 肺尖部胸壁浸潤肺癌（パンコースト腫瘍） superior pulmonary sulcus pancoast tumors
5. 上肢末梢神経症候群の概要 overview of upper extremity peripheral nerve syndromes

English Journal

Correction of Paradoxical Ribcage Motion in Scoliosis by Non-Invasive Ventilation.

Kinnear WJM1, Sovani M, Khanna A, Colt J.
Spine.Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2017 Oct 24. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002467. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 29068881

Successful surgical repair and recovery in a 2-week-old infant after birth-related cervical fracture dislocation.

Saleh S1, Swanson KI1,2, Bragg T1,3.
Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics.J Neurosurg Pediatr.2017 Oct 20:1-5. doi: 10.3171/2017.7.PEDS17105. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 29053055
AuthorsWaxenbaum JA1, Futterman B1.
Open/close author information list" class="jig-ncbitoggler" href="#
PMID 29083651

Japanese Journal

ケープハイラックスProcavia capensisの頚肋cervical rib確認と標本化

橋本勝,斉藤千映美
宮城教育大学環境教育研究紀要 16, 17-19, 2014-03
NAID 40020070911

長期生存した頸部心臓逸所症のホルスタイン種乳牛の1例

内山大士,佐藤礼一郎,恩田賢,牧野祥之,宇根有美,伊東正吾,武藤眞,和田恭則
Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 67(6), 405-408, 2014
生後5日齢で頸部心臓逸所症と診断されたホルスタイン種乳牛が2度分娩した後，不受胎と慢性乳房炎により7歳1カ月齢で病理解剖に供された．頸部皮下には大量の脂肪沈着が認められ，心膜はハンモック状を呈し，第一頸椎から尾側へ33cmの部位から第四肋骨内側面まで達していた．心臓は勾玉状を呈し，心尖を頭側，心底を尾側に向けていた．心臓の形態異常として右心室肥大，大血管異常として両頸動脈起始異常，動脈管開存及び肺 …
NAID 130004640763

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