| Cardiomyopathy |
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Opened left ventricle of heart shows a thickened, dilated left ventricle with subendocardial fibrosis manifested as increased whiteness of endocardium.
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| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
Cardiology |
| ICD-10 |
I25.5, I42, I43 |
| ICD-9-CM |
425 |
| DiseasesDB |
2137 |
| MedlinePlus |
001105 |
| Patient UK |
Cardiomyopathy |
| MeSH |
D009202 |
Cardiomyopathy (literally "heart muscle disease") is the measurable deterioration for any reason of the ability of the myocardium (the heart muscle) to contract, usually leading to heart failure. Common symptoms include dyspnea (breathlessness) and peripheral edema (swelling of the legs). Those with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of dangerous forms of irregular heart rate and sudden cardiac death.[1] The most common form of cardiomyopathy is dilated cardiomyopathy.[2][3] Although the term "cardiomyopathy" could theoretically apply to almost any disease affecting the heart, it is usually reserved for "severe myocardial disease leading to heart failure".Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis resulted in 443,000 deaths in 2013, up from 294,000 in 1990.[4]
Contents
- 1 Differential diagnosis
- 2 Mechanism
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Treatment
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
Differential diagnosis
Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized disorder, both often leading to death or progressive heart failure. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or abnormalities of the heart valves.[5]
Earlier, simpler, categories such as intrinsic, (defined as weakness of the heart muscle without an identifiable external cause), and extrinsic, (where the primary pathology arose outside the myocardium itself), became more difficult to sustain.[medical citation needed] For example, as more external causes were recognized, the intrinsic category became smaller. Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including Hepatitis C). On the other hand, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes, increasing the intrinsic category. For example, mutations in the cardiac desmosomal genes as well as in the DES gene may cause arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).[6][7]
At the same time, a more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive',[8] became difficult to maintain when it became apparent that some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.The current American Heart Association definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.[9]
Types
Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria:[10]
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy HE stain
Structural categories of cardiomyopathy (constrictive cardiomyopathy is not pictured)
- Primary/intrinsic cardiomyopathies[11]
- Genetic
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
- LV non-compaction
- Ion Channelopathies
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)
- Acquired
- Stress Cardiomyopathy
- Myocarditis
- Ischemic cardiomyopathy
- Secondary/extrinsic cardiomyopathies[11]
- Metabolic/storage
- Fabry’s disease
- hemochromatosis
- Endomyocardial
- Endomyocardial fibrosis
- Hypereosinophilic syndrome
- Endocrine
- diabetes mellitus
- hyperthyroidism
- acromegaly
- Cardiofacial
- Neuromuscular
- muscular dystrophy
- Friedreich’s ataxia
- Other
- Obesity-associated cardiomyopathy[12]
Mechanism
Symptoms may include shortness of breath after physical exertion, fatigue, and swelling of the feet, legs, or abdomen. Additionally, arrhythmias and chest pain may be present.[13]
The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems.[14]
Diagnosis
Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are:[15]
- Physical exam
- Family history
- Blood test
- EKG
- Echocardiogram
- Stress test
- Genetic testing
Treatment
Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition.Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or ablation for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant.[16]
References
- ^ Kasper, Denis Lh.; et al. (2005). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edn. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
- ^ Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology for Respiratory Care, Jahangir Moini, Ch.2; page 24
- ^ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types.html
- ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442.
- ^ Lakdawala, NK; Stevenson, LW; Loscalzo, J (2015). "Chapter 287". In Kasper, DL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Longo, DL; Jameson, JL; Loscalzo, J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1553. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4.
- ^ Klauke B, Kossmann S, Gaertner A, Brand K, Stork I, Brodehl A, Dieding M, Walhorn V, Anselmetti D, Gerdes D, Bohms B, Schulz U, Zu Knyphausen E, Vorgerd M, Gummert J, Milting H (2010). "De novo desmin-mutation N116S is associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy". Hum. Mol. Genet. 19 (23): 4595–607. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq387. PMID 20829228.
- ^ Brodehl A, Hedde PN, Dieding M, Fatima A, Walhorn V, Gayda S, Šarić T, Klauke B, Gummert J, Anselmetti D, Heilemann M, Nienhaus GU, Milting H (2012). "Dual color photoactivation localization microscopy of cardiomyopathy-associated desmin mutants". J. Biol. Chem. 287 (19): 16047–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.313841. PMC 3346104. PMID 22403400.
- ^ Valentin Fuster; John Willis Hurst (2004). Hurst's the heart. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1884–. ISBN 978-0-07-143225-2. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
- ^ McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR (2012). "Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era". Biochem Res Int. 2012 2012: 796926. doi:10.1155/2012/796926. PMC 3423823. PMID 22924131.
- ^ Vinay, Kumar (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4377-1781-5.
- ^ a b Maron, Barry (2015). "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies". AHA Scientific Statement/circulation. Retrieved August 2015.
- ^ Lipshultz, Steven E.; Messiah, Sarah E.; Miller, Tracie L. (2012-04-05). Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200. ISBN 9781447123651.
- ^ "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?". NIH.gov. NIH. 2014. Retrieved 2015.
- ^ Harvey, Pamela A.; Leinwand, Leslie A. (2011-08-08). "Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy". The Journal of Cell Biology 194 (3): 355–365. doi:10.1083/jcb.201101100. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 3153638. PMID 21825071.
- ^ "How Is Cardiomyopathy Diagnosed? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
- ^ "How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?". NIH.gov. NIH. 2015. Retrieved 2015.
Further reading
- Acton, Q. Ashton (2013). Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition. Scholarly Editions. ISBN 978-1-481-68280-0.
- Sanbe, A (2013). "Dilated cardiomyopathy: a disease of the myocardium.". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Retrieved August 2015.
External links
- Cardiomyopathy at DMOZ
- Cardiomyopathy information for parents.
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Cardiovascular disease I00–I52, 390–429
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| Ischaemic |
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Coronary disease
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- Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- Coronary artery aneurysm
- Coronary artery dissection
- Coronary thrombosis
- Coronary vasospasm
- Myocardial bridge
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Active ischemia
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- Angina pectoris
- Prinzmetal's angina
- Stable angina
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Myocardial infarction
- Unstable angina
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Sequelae
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- hours
- Hibernating myocardium
- Myocardial stunning
- days
- weeks
- Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm
- Dressler syndrome
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| Layers |
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Pericardium
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- Pericarditis
- Acute
- Chronic / Constrictive
- Pericardial effusion
- Cardiac tamponade
- Hemopericardium
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Myocardium
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- Myocarditis
- Cardiomyopathy: Dilated (Alcoholic), Hypertrophic, and Restrictive
- Loeffler endocarditis
- Cardiac amyloidosis
- Endocardial fibroelastosis
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
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Endocardium /
valves
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Endocarditis
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- infective endocarditis
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- non-infective endocarditis
- Libman–Sacks endocarditis
- Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
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Valves
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- mitral
- regurgitation
- prolapse
- stenosis
- aortic
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
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Conduction /
arrhythmia |
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Bradycardia
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- Sinus bradycardia
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Heart block: Sinoatrial
- AV
- Intraventricular
- Bundle branch block
- Right
- Left
- Left anterior fascicle
- Left posterior fascicle
- Bifascicular
- Trifascicular
- Adams–Stokes syndrome
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Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus)
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Supraventricular
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- Atrial
- Junctional
- AV nodal reentrant
- Junctional ectopic
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Ventricular
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- Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
- Catecholaminergic polymorphic
- Torsades de pointes
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Premature contraction
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- Atrial
- Junctional
- Ventricular
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Pre-excitation syndrome
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- Lown–Ganong–Levine
- Wolff–Parkinson–White
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Flutter / fibrillation
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- Atrial flutter
- Ventricular flutter
- Atrial fibrillation
- Ventricular fibrillation
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Pacemaker
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- Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
- Multifocal atrial tachycardia
- Pacemaker syndrome
- Parasystole
- Wandering pacemaker
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Long QT syndrome
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- Andersen–Tawil
- Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
- Romano–Ward
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Cardiac arrest
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- Sudden cardiac death
- Asystole
- Pulseless electrical activity
- Sinoatrial arrest
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Other / ungrouped
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- hexaxial reference system
- Right axis deviation
- Left axis deviation
- QT
- T
- ST
- Osborn wave
- ST elevation
- ST depression
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| Cardiomegaly |
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Left
- Right / Cor pulmonale
- Atrial enlargement
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| Other |
- Cardiac fibrosis
- Heart failure
- Diastolic heart failure
- Cardiac asthma
- Rheumatic fever
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Index of the heart
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Injury
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- glycosides
- other stimulants
- antiarrhythmics
- vasodilators
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