出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/17 00:16:23」(JST)
| 「RPG」 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEKAI NO OWARI の シングル | ||||||||
| 収録アルバム | 『Tree』 | |||||||
| B面 | アースチャイルド スターライトパレード -CAN'T SLEEP FANTASY NIGHT Version- |
|||||||
| リリース | 2013年5月1日 | |||||||
| ジャンル | J-POP | |||||||
| 時間 | 4分46秒 | |||||||
| レーベル | TOY'S FACTORY | |||||||
| プロデュース | SEKAI NO OWARI CHRYSANTHEMUM BRIDGE |
|||||||
| ゴールド等認定 | ||||||||
|
||||||||
| チャート最高順位 | ||||||||
|
||||||||
| SEKAI NO OWARI シングル 年表 | ||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
| テンプレートを表示 | ||||||||
「RPG」（アールピージー）は、SEKAI NO OWARIの楽曲で、メジャー4枚目のシングル。2013年5月1日にTOY'S FACTORYから発売された。
2012年夏から秋にかけて開催した全国ツアー『HALL TOUR 2012 「ENTERTAINMENT」』や、翌年1月に開催された「End of the world」名義でのライブで披露するための楽曲アレンジと並行して行われていた[5]。
原曲はタイアップが付くことが決定する前に存在していて、Fukaseが書いた詞がもともとあったが納得できていなかった[6]。そこでSaoriに詞を依頼すると、サビの部分が良かったのでFukaseがAメロとBメロを書き直して詞が完成した[6]。そのサビは、2年前に、二人がバンドをやめるというほどの大喧嘩をし、その後京都で仲直りした後に浮かんできたという[7]。なので手紙のようになっていると述べた[7]。
ともに編曲をしたCHRYSANTHEMUM BRIDGEはこれまでもSEKAI NO OWARIと親交があり、ライブの曲間に流れるSEなどの音を全て担当してきた[8]。
監督は田向潤が担当し、「動物に扮した子供たちに導かれるようにメンバーが集まり、革命を起こす」というストーリー[9]。撮影当時、Fukaseは足を骨折していたが、合成や特殊メイクによってダンスシーンが完成している[10]。
2013年4月22日にYouTubeで公開され、同年12月11日に発表された年間再生数ランキング[注 1]（日本）で2位を獲得した（約2100万回を記録）[11]。
1. RPG
3. スターライトパレード -CAN'T SLEEP FANTASY NIGHT Version-
| 「broken bone」 | ||
|---|---|---|
| SEKAI NO OWARIの 楽曲 | ||
| 収録アルバム | 『Tree』 | |
| リリース | 2013年5月1日 | |
| 規格 | デジタル・ダウンロード | |
| 録音 | 2013年 | |
| ジャンル | J-POP | |
| 時間 | 2分50秒 | |
| レーベル | トイズファクトリー | |
| 作詞者 | Fukase | |
| 作曲者 | Fukase | |
「broken bone」(ブロークン・ボーン)はSEKAI NO OWARIの楽曲である。Fukaseが、本作リリース直前の骨折の様子を書いた曲[14][注 2]。
本作のCDケースの中にURL、ID、パスワードが記載される形でリリースされた。
自主企画ライブ『炎と森のカーニバル』（2013年）で初披露された。
着想のきっかけとなった骨折は飲酒が原因で、その経緯をFukaseは覚えていない[15]。
「最後の公演を終えた日 僕は酒に溺れていた」
「満月が照らすその店で 僕の野望を歌っていた いつまでも僕は いつまでも僕は この四人でいたいと それは狼のように 月に吠えていたんだよ」
初回限定盤A(TFCC-89426)、初回限定盤B(TFCC-89427)、通常盤(TFCC-89428)の計3形態でリリース。また、初回仕様の通常盤(TFCC-89428X)には「"謎のDVD"が当たるスクラッチカード」が封入されている[17]。
2013年4月19日にラジオ『SCHOOL OF LOCK!』内のコーナー「セカオワLOCKS!」で初フルオンエアされた。
発売記念にフリーライブ「SEKAI NO OWARI 2013 FREE LIVE for RPG」を、2013年5月2日にアスナル金山で、4日にラゾーナ川崎で、5日にあべのキューズモールで開催した[18]。ライブ当日には、今作販売ブースが特設されて、購入枚数に応じて販促ポスター(全2種[注 5])やフリーライブ限定特製ポストカードがプレゼントされた[18]。また、ポスターにはランダムでメンバーの直筆サイン入り[18]。
ライブツアー『ARENA TOUR 2013 「ENTERTAINMENT」』の最終公演後にFukaseが骨折した[19]ため、プロモーションで番組出演の際は杖をついていた。
| （初回限定盤、通常盤） | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | タイトル | 作詞 | 作曲 | 時間 | ||||||
| 1. | 「RPG」 | Fukase、Saori | Fukase | 4:46 | ||||||
| 2. | 「アースチャイルド」 | Saori | Nakajin | 4:23 | ||||||
| 3. | 「スターライトパレード -CAN'T SLEEP FANTASY NIGHT Version-」 | Fukase | Nakajin | 5:49 | ||||||
|
合計時間:
|
14:59 | |||||||||
| ライブCD 『Selected Live CD of ARENA TOUR 2013「ENTERTAINMENT」 at 1.14 大阪城ホール』 （初回限定盤Aのみ） | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | タイトル | 時間 | ||||||||
| 1. | 「スターライトパレード」 | 6:13 | ||||||||
| 2. | 「虹色の戦争」 | 5:50 | ||||||||
| 3. | 「天使と悪魔」 | 4:58 | ||||||||
| 4. | 「不死鳥」 | 6:06 | ||||||||
| 5. | 「生物学的幻想曲」 | 4:00 | ||||||||
| 6. | 「illusion」 | 4:44 | ||||||||
| 7. | 「世界平和」 | 4:55 | ||||||||
| 8. | 「Love the warz」 | 5:55 | ||||||||
| 9. | 「幻の命」 | 5:20 | ||||||||
| 10. | 「眠り姫」 | 5:29 | ||||||||
| 11. | 「深い森」 | 5:38 | ||||||||
|
合計時間:
|
59:13 | |||||||||
| （初回限定盤Bのみ） | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | タイトル | 時間 | ||||||||
| 1. | 「RPG -Show of ARENA TOUR 2013「ENTERTAINMENT」 at 2.23 国立代々木第一体育館-」 | 4:47 | ||||||||
| 2. | 「アースチャイルド -Recording Off-shot Making Movie Version-」 | 4:21 | ||||||||
|
合計時間:
|
9:41 | |||||||||
End Of The World名義で開催したフランス公演で初披露されたが、その際は「RPG」というタイトルではなかった。
| チャート | 順位 | 売上枚数 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013年5月13日付 | 週間ランキング | 2 | 79,000 | [21][22] |
| 2013年5月度 | 月間ランキング | 5 | ||
| 2013年 | 上半期ランキング | 29 | 108,635 | [3] |
| 2013年 | 年間ランキング | 55 | 124,729 | [4] |
売り上げは累計15万枚を突破した[23]。これまでの『クレヨンしんちゃん』の主題歌の中では最も長くチャートインした。同作品の次作の映画『ガチンコ!逆襲のロボとーちゃん』の公開後や、次々作『オラの引越し物語 サボテン大襲撃』の公開が決定した後も、2015年2月2日付のオリコン週間チャートで圏外になるまで1年8ヶ月以上チャートインし続けた。
| 調査期間 | 形態 | 順位 | 売り上げ推定枚数 | 出典 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013年4月29日 - 5月5日 | 初回限定盤A | 1 | 29,920 | [24] |
| 初回限定盤B | 2 | 28,567 | ||
| 通常盤 | 7 | 18,526 | ||
| 2013年5月6日 - 5月12日 | 初回限定盤A | - | - | [25] |
| 初回限定盤B | 16 | 4,314 | ||
| 通常盤 | 6 | 7,318 |
| 日付 | 順位 | 出典 |
|---|---|---|
| 2013年5月6日付 | 22 | [26] |
| 2013年5月13日付 | 1 | [27] |
| 2013年5月20日付 | 2 | [28] |
| 2013年5月27日付 | 10 | [29] |
音楽ゲーム
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| この項目は、シングルに関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:音楽/PJ 楽曲）。 |
| Bone fracture | |
|---|---|
|
Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery.
|
|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics |
| ICD-10 | Sx2 (where x=0-9 depending on the location of the fracture) |
| ICD-9-CM | 829 |
| DiseasesDB | 4939 |
| MedlinePlus | 000001 |
| MeSH | D050723 |
A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a damage in the continuity of the bone. A bone fracture can be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture.[1]
Although broken bone and bone break are common colloquialisms for a bone fracture, break is not a formal orthopedic term.
Although bone tissue itself contains no nociceptors, bone fracture is painful for several reasons:[2]
Damage to adjacent structures such as nerves or vessels, spinal cord and nerve roots (for spine fractures), or cranial contents (for skull fractures) can cause other specific signs and symptoms.
The natural process of healing a fracture starts when the injured bone and surrounding tissues bleed, forming a fracture hematoma. The blood coagulates to form a blood clot situated between the broken fragments. Within a few days, blood vessels grow into the jelly-like matrix of the blood clot. The new blood vessels bring phagocytes to the area, which gradually remove the non-viable material. The blood vessels also bring fibroblasts in the walls of the vessels and these multiply and produce collagen fibres. In this way the blood clot is replaced by a matrix of collagen. Collagen's rubbery consistency allows bone fragments to move only a small amount unless severe or persistent force is applied.
At this stage, some of the fibroblasts begin to lay down bone matrix in the form of collagen monomers. These monomers spontaneously assemble to form the bone matrix, for which bone crystals (calcium hydroxyapatite) are deposited in amongst, in the form of insoluble crystals. This mineralization of the collagen matrix stiffens it and transforms it into bone. In fact, bone is a mineralized collagen matrix; if the mineral is dissolved out of bone, it becomes rubbery. Healing bone callus is on average sufficiently mineralized to show up on X-ray within 6 weeks in adults and less in children. This initial "woven" bone does not have the strong mechanical properties of mature bone. By a process of remodeling, the woven bone is replaced by mature "lamellar" bone. The whole process can take up to 18 months, but in adults the strength of the healing bone is usually 80% of normal by 3 months after the injury.
Several factors can help or hinder the bone healing process. For example, any form of nicotine hinders the process of bone healing, and adequate nutrition (including calcium intake) will help the bone healing process. Weight-bearing stress on bone, after the bone has healed sufficiently to bear the weight, also builds bone strength. Although there are theoretical concerns about NSAIDs slowing the rate of healing, there is not enough evidence to warrant withholding the use of this type analgesic in simple fractures.[3]
Smokers generally have lower bone density than non-smokers, so have a much higher risk of fractures. There is also evidence that smoking delays bone healing. Some research indicates, for example, that it delays tibial shaft fracture healing from a median healing time of 136 to 269 days.[4] This means that the fracture healing time was approximately doubled in smokers. Although some other studies show less extreme effects, it is still shown that smoking delays fracture healing.
A bone fracture may be diagnosed based on the history given and the physical examination performed. Radiographic imaging is often performed, to confirm the diagnosis. Under certain circumstances, radiographic examination of the nearby joints is indicated in order to exclude dislocations and fracture-dislocations. In situations where projectional radiography alone is insufficient, Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may be indicated.
Compare healthy bone with different types of fractures:
(a) closed fracture
(b) open fracture
(c) transverse fracture
(d) spiral fracture
(e) comminuted fracture
(f) impacted fracture
(g) greenstick fracture
In orthopedic medicine, fractures are classified in various ways. Historically they are named after the doctor who first described the fracture conditions. However, there are more systematic classifications in place currently.
An anatomical classification may begin with specifying the involved body part, such as the head or arm, followed with more specific localization. Fractures that have additional definition criteria than merely localization can often be classified as subtypes of fractures that merely are, such as a Holstein-Lewis fracture being a subtype of a humerus fracture. However, most typical examples in an orthopedic classification given in previous section cannot appropriately be classified into any specific part of an anatomical classification, as they may apply to multiple anatomical fracture sites.
The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification published its classification system[12] in 1996, adopting a similar system to the 1987 AO Foundation system.[13] In 2007, they extended their system,[14] unifying the 2 systems regarding wrist, hand, foot and ankle fractures.
Treatment of bone fractures are broadly classified as surgical or conservative, the latter basically referring to any non-surgical procedure, such as pain management, immobilization or other non-surgical stabilization. A similar classification is open versus closed treatment, in which open treatment refers to any treatment in which the fracture site is surgically opened, regardless of whether the fracture itself is an open or closed fracture.
In arm fractures in children, ibuprofen has been found to be as effective as a combination of acetaminophen and codeine.[20]
Since bone healing is a natural process which will most often occur, fracture treatment aims to ensure the best possible function of the injured part after healing. Bone fractures are typically treated by restoring the fractured pieces of bone to their natural positions (if necessary), and maintaining those positions while the bone heals. Often, aligning the bone, called reduction, in good position and verifying the improved alignment with an X-ray is all that is needed. This process is extremely painful without anesthesia, about as painful as breaking the bone itself. To this end, a fractured limb is usually immobilized with a plaster or fiberglass cast or splint which holds the bones in position and immobilizes the joints above and below the fracture. When the initial post-fracture edema or swelling goes down, the fracture may be placed in a removable brace or orthosis. If being treated with surgery, surgical nails, screws, plates and wires are used to hold the fractured bone together more directly. Alternatively, fractured bones may be treated by the Ilizarov method which is a form of external fixator.
Occasionally smaller bones, such as phalanges of the toes and fingers, may be treated without the cast, by buddy wrapping them, which serves a similar function to making a cast. By allowing only limited movement, fixation helps preserve anatomical alignment while enabling callus formation, towards the target of achieving union.
Splinting results in the same outcome as casting in children who have a distal radius fracture with little shifting.[21]
Surgical methods of treating fractures have their own risks and benefits, but usually surgery is done only if conservative treatment has failed, is very likely to fail, or likely to result in a poor functional outcome. With some fractures such as hip fractures (usually caused by osteoporosis), surgery is offered routinely because non-operative treatment results in prolonged immobilisation, which commonly results in complications including chest infections, pressure sores, deconditioning, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, which are more dangerous than surgery. When a joint surface is damaged by a fracture, surgery is also commonly recommended to make an accurate anatomical reduction and restore the smoothness of the joint.
Infection is especially dangerous in bones, due to the recrudescent nature of bone infections. Bone tissue is predominantly extracellular matrix, rather than living cells, and the few blood vessels needed to support this low metabolism are only able to bring a limited number of immune cells to an injury to fight infection. For this reason, open fractures and osteotomies call for very careful antiseptic procedures and prophylactic antibiotics.
Occasionally bone grafting is used to treat a fracture.
Sometimes bones are reinforced with metal. These implants must be designed and installed with care. Stress shielding occurs when plates or screws carry too large of a portion of the bone's load, causing atrophy. This problem is reduced, but not eliminated, by the use of low-modulus materials, including titanium and its alloys. The heat generated by the friction of installing hardware can easily accumulate and damage bone tissue, reducing the strength of the connections. If dissimilar metals are installed in contact with one another (i.e., a titanium plate with cobalt-chromium alloy or stainless steel screws), galvanic corrosion will result. The metal ions produced can damage the bone locally and may cause systemic effects as well.
Electrical bone growth stimulation or osteostimulation has been attempted to speed or improve bone healing. Results however do not support its effectiveness.[22]
Some fractures can lead to serious complications including a condition known as compartment syndrome. If not treated, compartment syndrome can eventually require amputation of the affected limb. Other complications may include non-union, where the fractured bone fails to heal or mal-union, where the fractured bone heals in a deformed manner.
Complications of fractures can be classified into three broad groups depending upon their time of occurrence. These are as follows -
| Immediate complications | Early complications | Late complications |
|---|---|---|
Systemic
|
Systemic
|
Imperfect union of the fracture
|
Local
|
Local
|
Others
|
In children, whose bones are still developing, there are risks of either a growth plate injury or a greenstick fracture.
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fractures. |
| Points of interest related to trauma and orthopedics on Wikipedia: Outline – Index – History – Portal – Category:Traumatology, Category:Orthopedics – Stubs |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| リンク元 | 「bone fracture」 |
| 関連記事 | 「broken」「bone」 |