WordNet

(of speech) heavily and noticeably regional; "a broad southern accent"
slang term for a woman; "a broad is a woman who can throw a mean punch"
being at a peak or culminating point; "broad daylight"; "full summer" (同)full
showing or characterized by broad-mindedness; "a broad political stance"; "generous and broad sympathies"; "a liberal newspaper"; "tolerant of his opponents opinions" (同)large-minded, liberal, tolerant
very large in expanse or scope; "a broad lawn"; "the wide plains"; "a spacious view"; "spacious skies" (同)spacious, wide
not detailed or specific; "a broad rule"; "the broad outlines of the plan"; "felt an unspecific dread" (同)unspecific
lacking subtlety; obvious; "gave us a broad hint that it was time to leave" (同)unsubtle
an ordered array of the components of an emission or wave
a broad range of related objects or values or qualities or ideas or activities

PrepTutorEJDIC

広範スペクトルの(抗生物質などが広範囲の細菌に有効なことをいう)
『幅の広い』 / 『広大な』,広々とした / 幅が…ある / 寛大な,包容力のある,偏見のない / 広範囲にわたる / 分かりやすい,明白な / くまなく行き渡った,さえぎるもののない,明るい / あけすけの,露骨な / 主要な;大まかな,大ざっぱな / (発音に)強いなまりのある / すっかり,広く(wide)
スペクトル(光がプリズムを通過するとき生じる色の帯) / (電磁波・音波などの)範囲,スペクトル / (多様だが関連あるものの)連続[範囲]《+『of』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/29 00:06:15」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.^[1] A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against specific families of bacteria.^[2] An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.^[3]

Uses

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are properly used in the following medical situations:

Empirically (i.e., based on the experience of the practitioner), prior to the formal identification of the causative bacteria, when there is a wide range of possible illnesses and a potentially serious illness would result if treatment is delayed. This occurs, for example, in meningitis, where the patient can become fatally ill within hours if broad-spectrum antibiotics are not initiated.

For drug resistant bacteria that do not respond to other, more narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

In the case of superinfections, where there are multiple types of bacteria causing illness, thus warranting either a broad-spectrum antibiotic or combination antibiotic therapy.

For prophylaxis after an operation, in order to prevent bacterial infections occurring.

Risks

As a side-effect, antibiotics can change the body's normal microbial content by attacking indiscriminately both the pathological and naturally occurring, beneficial or harmless bacteria found in the intestines, lungs and bladder.^[4] The destruction of the body's normal bacterial flora provides an opportunity for drug-resistant microorganisms to grow vigorously and can lead to a secondary infection such as Clostridium difficile^[5] (also known as "C. diff") or Candidiasis (also known as "thrush") in females. This side-effect is more likely with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.^[6]

Examples

In humans:

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Carbapenems, including Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin
Streptomycin
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Ticarcillin

In veterinary medicine, Co-amoxiclav, (in small animals); penicillin & streptomycin and oxytetracycline (in farm animals); penicillin and potentiated sulfonamides (in horses).

References

^ Clayton L. Thomas Editor, Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 17th ed., 1993 (ISBN 0-8036-8313-8)
^ S.J. Hopkins, Drugs and Pharmacology for Nurses 12th ed., 1997 (ISBN 0-443-05249 2)
^ S.J. Hopkins, Drugs and Pharmacology for Nurses 12th ed., 1997 (ISBN 0-443-05249 2)
^ E.A. Martin, Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary 6th ed., 2003 (ISBN 0-19-860753-9)
^ S.J. Hopkins, Drugs and Pharmacology for Nurses 12th ed., 1997 (ISBN 0-443-05249 2)
^ E.A. Martin, Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary 6th ed., 2003 (ISBN 0-19-860753-9)

External links

Clayton L. Thomas Editor, Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 17th ed., 1993 (ISBN 0-8036-8313-8)
S.J. Hopkins, Drugs and Pharmacology for Nurses 12th ed., 1997 (ISBN 0-443-05249 2)
Ibid
E.A. Martin, Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary 6th ed., 2003 (ISBN 0-19-860753-9)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 基質特異性拡張型β-ラクタマーゼ extended spectrum beta lactamases
2. 成人におけるグラム陰性桿菌菌血症 gram negative bacillary bacteremia in adults
3. The dyschromatoses
4. Melanoma in children
5. Laser therapy for hypertrophic scars and keloids

English Journal

Model membrane platforms for biomedicine: case study on antiviral drug development.

Jackman JA, Cho NJ.SourceSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
Biointerphases.Biointerphases.2012 Dec;7(1-4):18. Epub 2012 Feb 11.
As one of the most important interfaces in cellular systems, biological membranes have essential functions in many activities such as cellular protection and signaling. Beyond their direct functions, they also serve as scaffolds to support the association of proteins involved in structural support,
PMID 22589061

A broad-spectrum analysis of the effects of teflubenzuron exposure on the biochemical activities and microbial community structure of soil.

Cycoń M, Wójcik M, Borymski S, Piotrowska-Seget Z.SourceDepartment of Microbiology and Virology, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2012 Oct 15;108:27-35. Epub 2012 May 27.
We evaluated the response of soil bacteria to applications of the insecticide teflubenzuron at the field rate dosage (FR; 0.15 mg/kg of soil) and at a higher dosage (10*FR; 1.5 mg/kg of soil). When applied at the FR dosage, teflubenzuron had no effect on several biochemical parameters of the soil
PMID 22641111

Japanese Journal

半導体レーザーカオスとHe-Ne レーザーのモード間光ビートを用いたTHz 波源開発

山下雄大,Yamashita Yuki,白尾拓也,Shirao Takuya,桒島史欣,Kuwashima Fumiyoshi ,谷正彦,Tani Masahiko,栗原一嘉,Kurihara Kazuyosi,山本晃司,Yamamoto Kurihara/Kouzi,荻行正憲,Hangyo Masanori,長嶋健,Nagashima Takeshi,岩澤宏,Iwasawa Hiroshi
福井工業大学研究紀要 43, 37-48, 2013-07-13
… Optical spectra of the laser chaos are broad. … Thus, the optical spectrum is spread about 70 times compared with that the C.W. …
NAID 120005298782

Measurement of the Femtosecond Optical Absorption of LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} Heterostructures: Evidence for an Extremely Slow Electron Relaxation at the Interface

Yamada Yasuhiro,Sato Hiroki K.,Hikita Yasuyuki,Hwang Harold Y.,Kanemitsu Yoshihiko
Physical Review Letters 111(4), 2013-07-00
… In both LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures and electron-doped SrTiO3 bulk crystals, the TA spectrum shows a Drude-like free carrier absorption immediately after excitation. … In addition, a broad absorption band gradually appears within 40 ps, which corresponds to the energy relaxation of photoexcited free electrons into self-trapped polaron states. …
NAID 120005307067

Broad and Flat Brillouin Gain Spectrum in Optical Fiber Obtained by Modulating Driving Current of Laser Diode

Mizuno Yosuke,Hayashi Neisei,Nakamura Kentaro
Jpn J Appl Phys 52(5), 058003-058003-2, 2013-05-25
… A simple method for obtaining a broad and flat Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is presented. …
NAID 150000106863

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「広域スペクトル」「extended-spectrum」「広域性」
拡張検索	「broad spectrum penicillin」「broad spectrum semisynthetic penicillin」
関連記事	「broad」「spectrum」