WordNet

the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) (同)scrutiny
the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned (同)testing
a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions" (同)exam, test
meet at breast level; "The runner breasted the tape"
the part of an animals body that corresponds to a persons chest
either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman (同)bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen; "he beat his breast in anger" (同)chest
meat carved from the breast of a fowl (同)white_meat
(used as a combining form) relating to--of or by or to or from or for--the self; "self-knowledge"; "self-proclaimed"; "self-induced"
your consciousness of your own identity (同)ego
a person considered as a unique individual; "ones own self"
having a breast or breasts; or breasts as specified; used chiefly in compounds; "small-breasted"; "red-breasted sandpiper"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の)『試験』《+『in』(『on』)+『名』ofを用いない》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『調査』,検討《+『into』(『of』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉『診察』,診断 / 〈C〉詩験問題[用紙];詩験答案[用紙]
『胸』,『胸部』;(服の)胸部 / 『乳房』,乳 / 《文》胸中,心紳 / …'を'胸に受ける,胸に受けて進む / …‘に'雄々しく立ち向かう
(他人と区別して)『自己』,自分,自身 / 〈C〉(人・物の)本質,個性;性格の一面 / 〈U〉私利,私欲,私心 / 同じ材料でできた,共ぎれの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/11 23:31:06」(JST)

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Breast self-examination (BSE) is a screening method used in an attempt to detect early breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling.

BSE was once promoted heavily as a means of finding cancer at a more curable stage, but large randomized controlled studies found that it was not effective in preventing death, and actually caused harm through needless biopsies and surgery. The World Health Organization, the US National Cancer Institute, the US Preventive Services Task Force, the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, and many other scientific organizations recommend against the use of breast self-examinations.^[1]

Breast awareness is an informal alternative to structured breast self-examinations.

Limitations

According to a meta-analysis in the Cochrane Collaboration, two large trials in Russia and Shanghai found no beneficial effects of screening by breast self-examination "but do suggest increased harm in terms of increased numbers of benign lesions identified and an increased number of biopsies performed." They concluded, "At present, screening by breast self-examination or physical examination cannot be recommended."^[2]

Although breast self-examination increases the number of biopsies performed on women, and thus revenue for the breast cancer industry^{[citation needed]}, it does not reduce mortality from breast cancer. In a large clinical trial involving more than 260,000 female Chinese factory workers, half were carefully taught by nurses at their factories to perform monthly breast self-exam, and the other half were not. The women taught self-exam detected more benign (normal or harmless lumps) or early-stage breast disease, but equal numbers of women died from breast cancer in each group.^[3]

Because breast self-exam is not proven to save lives, it is no longer routinely recommended by health authorities for general use.^[4]^[5] It may be appropriate in women who have a particularly high risk of developing breast cancer. Some charitable organizations, whose donations depend on promoting fear of breast cancer, still promote this technique as a one-size-fits-all, universal screening approach, even in the low-risk women who are most likely to be harmed by unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures.^[6] Among groups promoting evidence-based medicine, awareness of breast health and familiarity with one's own body is typically promoted instead of self-exams.

Breast self-examinations are based on an incorrect theory of cancer development which assumes steady growth of the tumor. According to breast cancer specialist and surgeon Susan Love, "Breast cancer doesn't work like that...it's sneaky. You could examine yourself every day and suddenly find a walnut."^[7]

Among women with high-risk BRCA mutations, about 10% said that performing breast self-examination increased their anxiety. Half of those who did perform BSE felt that it gave them a sense of control.^[8]

Learning breast self-examination increases a woman's level of depression, worrying, and anxiety about breast cancer.^[5] Greater anxiety about breast cancer is associated with a higher likelihood of performing breast self-examination. Women are also more likely to perform breast self-examination if they have experienced a false positive error from screening mammography (being wrongly told that breast cancer may be present, when the woman is actually cancer-free).^[9]

Methods

An pictorial example of breast self-examination in six steps. Steps 1-3 involve inspection of the breast with the arms hanging next to the body, behind the head and in the side. Step 4 is palpation of the breast. Step 5 is palpation of the nipple. Step 6 is palpation of the breast while lying down.

Methods for breast palpation

A variety of methods and patterns are used in breast self-exams. Most methods suggest that the woman stand in front of a mirror with the torso exposed to view. She looks in the mirror for visual signs of dimpling, swelling, or redness on or near the breasts. This is usually repeated in several positions, such as while having hands on the hips, and then again with arms held overhead.

The woman then palpates her breasts with the pads of her fingers to feel for lumps (either superficial or deeper in tissue) or soreness. There are several common patterns, which are designed to ensure complete coverage. The vertical strip pattern involves moving the fingers up and down over the breast. The pie-wedge pattern starts at the nipple and moves outward. The circular pattern involves moving the fingers in concentric circles from the nipple outward. Some guidelines suggest mentally dividing the breast into four quadrants and checking each quadrant separately. The palpation process covers the entire breast, including the "axillary tail" of each breast that extends toward the axilla (armpit). This is usually done once while standing in front of the mirror and again while lying down.

Finally, women that are not breastfeeding gently squeeze each nipple to check for any discharge.

Various mnemonic devices are used as teaching devices. One is called the seven P's of BSE, after seven steps that are named to have the same first initial: Positions, Perimeter, Palpation, Pressure, Pattern, Practice, and Planning what to do if a change is found in the breast tissue.

For pre-menopausal women, most methods suggest that the self-exam be performed at the same stage of the woman's menstrual cycle, because the normal hormone fluctuations can cause changes in the breasts. The most commonly recommended time is just after the end of menstruation, because the breasts are least likely to be swollen and tender at this time. Women who are postmenopausal or have irregular cycles might do a self-exam once a month regardless of their menstrual cycle.

Teaching correctly performed breast self-examinations normally takes a trained professional seven to ten minutes.^[10]

History

Activists began promoting breast self-examination in the 1930s because their exhortation to not delay seeking treatment for suspicious lumps was not affecting the death rate.^[11]

In the 1950s and 1960s, a film demonstrating breast self-examination, which was co-sponsored by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute, was shown to millions of American women.^[12]

In the 1970s, researchers began complaining that women were being told to do this even though there had never been any evidence to suggest that it saved lives.^[11]

References

^ Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, et al. Screening for Breast Cancer: Systematic Evidence Review Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2009 Nov. (Evidence Syntheses, No. 74.) 1, Introduction.
^ Kösters JP, Gøtzsche PC (2003). Kösters, Jan Peter, ed. "Regular self-examination or clinical examination for early detection of breast cancer". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD003373. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003373. PMID 12804462.
^ Thomas DB, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. (2002). "Randomized trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai: final results". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94 (19): 1445–57. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.19.1445. PMID 12359854.
^ Harris R, Kinsinger LS (2002). "Routinely teaching breast self-examination is dead. What does this mean?". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94 (19): 1420–1. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.19.1420. PMID 12359843.
^ ^a ^b Baxter N; Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (June 2001). "Preventive health care, 2001 update: should women be routinely taught breast self-examination to screen for breast cancer?". CMAJ 164 (13): 1837–46. PMC 81191. PMID 11450279.
^ Gayle A. Sulik (2010). Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-974045-3. OCLC 535493589.
^ Olson, James Stuart (2002). Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer and History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-8018-6936-6. OCLC 186453370.
^ Spiegel TN, Hill KA, Warner E (July 2009). "The attitudes of women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations toward clinical breast examinations and breast self-examinations". J Womens Health (Larchmt) 18 (7): 1019–24. doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1076. PMID 20377375.
^ Absetz P, Aro AR, Sutton SR (June 2003). "Experience with breast cancer, pre-screening perceived susceptibility and the psychological impact of screening". Psychooncology 12 (4): 305–18. doi:10.1002/pon.644. PMID 12748969.
^ Sofer T, Antonovsky HF (September 1984). "Workload involved in routine breast examination and instruction in breast self-examination in the primary care clinic". Fam Pract 1 (3): 178–81. doi:10.1093/fampra/1.3.178. PMID 6530081.
^ ^a ^b Aronowitz, Robert A. (2007). Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0-521-82249-1.
^ Lerner, Barron H. (2001). The breast cancer wars: hope, fear, and the pursuit of a cure in twentieth-century America. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-19-516106-8.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 乳癌のスクリーニング：戦略および推奨 screening for breast cancer strategies and recommendations
2. 乳癌のスクリーニング：有効性のエビデンス screening for breast cancer evidence for effectiveness
3. 患者情報：乳癌のスクリーニング（詳細） breast cancer screening beyond the basics
4. 小児および思春期における乳房疾患の概要 overview of breast disorders in children and adolescents
5. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of a palpable breast mass

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