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fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/02 13:09:08」(JST)

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Self-pollination is a form of pollination that can occur when a flower has both stamen and a carpel (pistil) in which the cultivar or species is self fertile and the stamens and the sticky stigma of the carpel contact each other in order to accomplish pollination. The term is inaccurately used in many cases where an outside pollinator is actually required; such plants are merely self-fertile, or self pollenizing.

Occurrence

Few plants actually self-pollinate. The mechanism is seen most often in some legumes such as peanuts. In another legume, soybeans, the flowers open and remain receptive to insect cross pollination during the day. If this is not accomplished, the flowers self-pollinate as they are closing. Among other plants that can self-pollinate are many kinds of orchids, peas, sunflowers and tridax. Most of the self-pollinating plants have small, relatively inconspicuous flowers that shed pollen directly onto the stigma, sometimes even before the bud opens. Self-pollinated plants expend less energy in the production of pollinator attractants and can grow in areas where the kinds of insects or other animals that might visit them are absent or very scarce—as in the Arctic or at high elevations.

Self-pollination limits the variety of progeny and may depress plant vigor. However, self-pollination can be advantageous, allowing plants to spread beyond the range of suitable pollinators or produce offspring in areas where pollinator populations have been greatly reduced or are naturally variable.

Pollination can also be accomplished by cross-pollination. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen, either by wind or insect, from the anther to the stigma between different flowers.

Types of self pollination

There are two types of self-pollination:

In Type I self-pollination, pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. Such flowers are hermaphrodites, which have both sexes.

In Type II pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower from the same plant.

Types of flowers that self pollinate

Both hermaphrodite and monoecious species have the potential for self-pollination leading to self-fertilization unless there is a mechanism to avoid it. Eighty percent of all flowering plants are hermaphroditic, meaning they contain both sexes, while 5 percent of plant species are monoecious, or unisexual.

Advantages of self-pollination

There are several advantages for self-pollinating flowers. If a given genotype is well-suited for an environment, self-pollination helps to keep this trait stable in the species. Not being dependent on pollinating agents allows self-pollination to occur when bees and wind are nowhere to be found. Self-pollination can be an advantage when the number of flowers are small or widely spaced.

Disadvantages of self-pollination

The disadvantages of self-pollination come from a lack of variation that allows no adaptation to the changing environment or potential pathogen attack. Self-pollination can lead to inbreeding depression, or the reduced health of the species, due to the breeding of related specimens. This is why many flowers that could potentially self-pollinate have a built-in mechanism to avoid it, or make it second choice at best. Genetic defects in self-pollinating plants cannot be eliminated by genetic recombination and offspring can only avoid inheriting the deleterious attributes through a chance mutation arising in a gamete.

English Journal

The demography and population genomics of evolutionary transitions to self-fertilization in plants.

Barrett SC1, Arunkumar R2, Wright SI2.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2014 Aug 5;369(1648). pii: 20130344.
The evolution of self-fertilization from outcrossing has occurred on numerous occasions in flowering plants. This shift in mating system profoundly influences the morphology, ecology, genetics and evolution of selfing lineages. As a result, there has been sustained interest in understanding the mech
PMID 24958918

Relative impact of mate versus pollinator availability on pollen limitation and outcrossing rates in a mass-flowering species.

Delmas CE1, Escaravage N, Cheptou PO, Charrier O, Ruzafa S, Winterton P, Pornon A.
Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany).Plant Biol (Stuttg).2014 Jun 18. doi: 10.1111/plb.12200. [Epub ahead of print]
Plant mating systems are driven by several pre-pollination factors, including pollinator availability, mate availability and reproductive traits. We investigated the relative contributions of these factors to pollination and to realized outcrossing rates in the patchily distributed mass-flowering sh
PMID 24942604

Marker-assisted introgression of a QTL region to improve rust resistance in three elite and popular varieties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Varshney RK1, Pandey MK, Janila P, Nigam SN, Sudini H, Gowda MV, Sriswathi M, Radhakrishnan T, Manohar SS, Nagesh P.
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik.Theor Appl Genet.2014 Jun 14. [Epub ahead of print]
KEY MESSAGE: Successful introgression of a major QTL for rust resistance, through marker-assisted backcrossing, in three popular Indian peanut cultivars generated several promising introgression lines with enhanced rust resistance and higher yield. Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia arachidis Speg, is on
PMID 24927821

Japanese Journal

交配実験から明らかになったオチフジ(シソ科)の繁殖様式

高野温子,迫田昌宏,黒崎史平
分類 : bunrui : 日本植物分類学会誌 14(2), 161-168, 2014-09-05
絶滅危惧種オチフジ(Meehania montis-koyae Ohwi, シソ科)の複数の自生地集団において,複数年にわたり交配実験による繁殖様式の調査,及び送粉者の予備的な観察を行った.強制自花受粉した個体が高い結実率を示したことから,オチフジは自家和合性を持つことが明らかになった.自花の花粉を柱頭に付着させた例も観察されたが,袋かけのみを行った花の結実率は低いことから,オチフジは基本的に送粉 …
NAID 110009865274

Outcrossing rates and organelle inheritance estimated from two natural populations of the Japanese endemic conifer Sciadopitys verticillata

Worth James R. P.,Yokogawa Masashi,Isagi Yuji
Journal of plant research 127(5), 617-626, 2014-09
NAID 40020180479

Brassica rapaにおける近交系統の純度検定に最適なDNAマーカーのスクリーニング

Kawamura Kazutaka,Saeki Natsumi,Ebe Yusuke,Abe Hirofumi,Shimizu Motoki,Osabe Kenji,Okazaki Keiichi,Kawanabe Takahiro,Fujimoto Ryo,川村和隆,佐伯なつみ,江部裕介,阿部寛史,清水元樹,長部謙二,岡崎桂一,川辺隆大,藤本龍
新潟大学農学部研究報告 66(2), 111-124, 2014-03
… It is generally considered that selfing for more than 5 or 6 generations is necessary for generating genetically identical inbred lines. …
NAID 120005398371