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any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

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病原菌,病原体

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/07 23:44:35」(JST)

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Look up bloodborne in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A blood-borne disease is one that can be spread through contamination by blood and other body fluids. The most common examples are HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and viral hemorrhagic fevers.

Diseases that are not usually transmitted directly by blood contact, but rather by insect or other vector, are more usefully classified as vector-borne disease, even though the causative agent can be found in blood. Vector-borne diseases include West Nile virus and malaria.

Many blood-borne diseases can also be transmitted by other means, including high-risk sexual behavior or intravenous drug use. These diseases have also been identified in Sports Medicine. For example, Dr. Jason Pirozzolo has published a number of research articles on blood-borne infections in Sports Medicine.^[1]^[2]

Since it is difficult to determine what pathogens any given blood contains, and some blood-borne diseases are lethal, standard medical practice regards all blood (and any body fluid) as potentially infectious. Blood and Body Fluid precautions are a type of infection control practice that seeks to minimize this sort of disease transmission.

Blood poses the greatest threat to health in a laboratory or clinical setting due to needlestick injuries (e.g., lack of proper needle disposal techniques and/or safety syringes).

Blood for blood transfusion is screened for many blood-borne diseases. Additionally, a technique that uses a combination of riboflavin and UV light to inhibit the replication of these pathogens by altering their nucleic acids can be used to treat blood components prior to their transfusion, and can reduce the risk of disease transmission.^[3]^[4]^[5] Technology using the synthetic psoralen, amotosalen HCl, and UVA light (320-400 nm) has been implemented in European blood centers for the treatment of platelet and plasma components to prevent transmission of blood-borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa ^[6]^[7]

Needle exchanges are an attempt to reduce the spread of blood-borne diseases in intravenous drug users.

References

^ Research Gate. "Jason Pirozzolo: publications". Research Gate. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
^ Jason J. Pirozzolo, DO, Donald C. LeMay, (July 2007). "Blood-Borne Infections". Clinics.com. p. Volume 26, Issue 3 , 425–431,. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
^ Goodrich RP, et al., “A Laboratory Comparison of Pathogen Reduction Technology Treatment and Culture of Platelet Products for Addressing Bacterial Contamination Concerns.” Transfusion 2009;49 : 1205–1216.
^ Ruane PH, et al., “Photochemical Inactivation of Selected Viruses and Bacteria in Platelet Concentrates Using Riboflavin and Light.” Transfusion 2004; 44: 877-885.
^ Goodrich RP, et al. “The Mirasol PRT System for Pathogen Reduction of Platelets and Plasma: An Overview of Current Status and Future Trends.” Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2006; 35 (1): 5-17.
^ Osselaer et al. "Universal adoption of pathogen inactivation of platelet components: impact on platelet and red blood cell component use". Transfusion 2009; 49:1412–1422.
^ Cazenave et al. "An active hemovigilance program characterizing the safety profile of 7,483 transfusions with plasma components prepared with amotosalen and UVA photochemical treatment". Transfusion 2010;50:1210–1219.

External links

Selected EPA-registered Disinfectants - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (BBPS)
Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention, from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Workplace Safety Standards and Regulations
Antimicrobials Information - National Pesticide Information Center
Professor Andrew Speilman, Entomologist, Harvard School of Hygiene and Public Health Freeview Malaria video by the Vega Science Trust.
Rob Hutchinson, Entomolgoist, Mosquitoes London School of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases. Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
"CDC - Healthcare-associated infections - HAI". cdc.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
NIOSH Bloodborne Infectious Diseases Topic Page

UpToDate Contents

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1. 医療従事者におけるB型肝炎ウイルスおよびC型肝炎ウイルス感染の予防 prevention of hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus infection among healthcare providers
2. HIVに曝露した医療従事者のマネージメント management of healthcare personnel exposed to hiv
3. 血液媒介病原体とスポーツ bloodborne pathogens and sports
4. 成人におけるHIVへの非職業的曝露 nonoccupational exposure to hiv in adults
5. 感染症管理の一般原則 general principles of infection control

English Journal

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection among u.s. Thalassemia patients.

Switzer WM, Shankar A, Trimble SR, Thompson AA, Giardina PJ, Cohen AR, Coates TD, Vichinsky E, Neufeld EJ, Boudreaux JM, Heneine W.Source1 Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia .
AIDS research and human retroviruses.AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses.2013 Jul;29(7):1006-9. doi: 10.1089/AID.2012.0382. Epub 2013 Mar 12.
Abstract Thalassemia is an inherited genetic disorder requiring multiple transfusions to treat anemia caused by low hemoglobin levels. Thus, thalassemia patients are at risk for infection with blood-borne pathogens, including human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) that are transmitted by transfusi
PMID 23409829

Occupational hazards of interventional cardiology.

Smilowitz NR, Balter S, Weisz G.SourceCenter for Interventional Vascular Therapy, New-York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions.Cardiovasc Revasc Med.2013 Jun 8. pii: S1553-8389(13)00082-1. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2013.05.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Complex catheter-based interventions and rising case volumes confer occupational risks to interventional cardiologists. Despite advances in technology, modern interventional procedures are performed in a manner remarkably similar to the techniques pioneered decades ago. Percutaneous interventions ar
PMID 23759715

Optimal testing of the live organ donor for blood-borne viral pathogens: the report of a consensus conference.

Blumberg EA, Ison MG, Pruett TL, Segev DL; Optimal Testing of the Live Organ Donor Consensus Conference Participants.SourceDepartment of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.Am J Transplant.2013 Jun;13(6):1405-15. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12205. Epub 2013 Apr 19.
In 2011, live donor transmission events involving Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prompted consideration of changing the process of live donor testing and evaluation in the United States. Following CDC recommendations for screening all live donors with nucleic acid tes
PMID 23601095