WordNet

put something in a resting position, as for support or steadying; "Rest your head on my shoulder"
euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb); "she was laid to rest beside her husband"; "they had to put their family pet to sleep" (同)eternal rest, sleep, eternal sleep, quietus
a state of inaction; "a body will continue in a state of rest until acted upon"
be at rest
freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility); "took his repose by the swimming pool" (同)ease, repose, relaxation
a support on which things can be put; "the gun was steadied on a special rest"
a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration
take a short break from ones activities in order to relax (同)breathe, catch one''s breath, take a breather
be inherent or innate in; (同)reside, repose
be inactive, refrain from acting; "The committee is resting over the summer"
give a rest to; "He rested his bad leg"; "Rest the dogs for a moment"
not move; be in a resting position
to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
put to bed; "The children were bedded at ten oclock"
a foundation of earth or rock supporting a road or railroad track; "the track bed had washed away"
a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep; "he sat on the edge of the bed"; "the room had only a bed and chair"
a plot of ground in which plants are growing; "the gardener planted a bed of roses"
the flat surface of a printing press on which the type form is laid in the last stage of producing a newspaper or magazine or book etc.
a depression forming the ground under a body of water; "he searched for treasure on the ocean bed" (同)bottom
(geology) a stratum of rock (especially sedimentary rock); "they found a bed of sandstone"
furnish with a bed; "The inn keeper could bed all the new arrivals"
place (plants) in a prepared bed of soil
the state or fact of existing; "a point of view gradually coming into being"; "laws in existence for centuries" (同)beingness, existence
the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)ray

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『休息』,休憩,休養;休息の時間(期間);(…から)解放されて休むこと《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉睡眠(sleep) / 動かないこと,停止,静止 / 〈C〉《複合語に用いて》「(物を載せる)台,支え」の意を表す / 〈U〉《詩》死,永眠 / 〈C〉(音楽で)休止;休止符 / 『休む』,『休息する』;(仕事などを)やめて休む《+『from』+『名』》 / 『安心する』,落ち着く,くつろぐ / (…に)『載っている』,『支えられている』《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》;(…に)もたれている(lean)《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈光・視線などが〉(…に)注がれる,じっと留まる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / (変化しないで)そのままでいる,休止(静止)する / 永眠する / (訴訟事件で)証拠提出を自発的に中止する / 《しばしば受動態で》…‘を'『休息(休養)させる』,休ませる / (…に)…‘を'置く,載せる,基づかせる《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』(do『ing』)》;(…に)…‘を'よりかからせる》+『名』+『against』+『名』》 / 〈訴訟事件〉‘の'証拠提出を自発的に中止する
(…の)『残り』,残与《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《the~》《複数扱い》『そのほかの物(人)』 / 《rest+形(名)〈補〉》(ある状態の)ままである(remain)
《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
〈C〉〈U〉『ベット』,『寝台』 / 〈U〉睡眠,宿泊 / 〈C〉『花壇,苗床…』養殖場 / 〈C〉(海・川などの)『床』,水底 / 〈C〉地層;(一般に)土台 / …‘に'寝床を与える / 〈子供など〉'を'寝かしつける / 《古》寝る,床につく
〈U〉存在,実在(existence);生命(life) / 〈U〉本質,本性(nature) / 〈C〉生き物
存在 (existence); もの; 生存, 人生 (life); 生き物; 人間 (human being); [B#] 神; 【哲】本質, 本性
レ(全音階の第2音)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/05 17:53:24」(JST)

wiki en

Bed rest, also referred to as the rest-cure, is a medical treatment in which a person lies in bed for most of the time to try to cure an illness.^[1] Bed rest refers to voluntarily lying in bed as a treatment and not being confined to bed because of a health impairment which physically prevents leaving bed. The practice is still used although a 1999 systematic review found no benefits for any of the 17 conditions studied and no proven benefit for any conditions at all, beyond that imposed by symptoms.^[2]

In the United States, nearly 20% of pregnant women have some degree of restricted activity prescribed^[3] despite the growing data showing it to be dangerous, causing some experts to call its use "unethical".^[2]^[4]^[5]

Medical uses

Extended bed rest has not been proven to have beneficial effects for any condition.^[2]

Pregnancy

Women who are pregnant and are experiencing early labor, vaginal bleeding, and cervix complications have been prescribed bed rest. This practice in 2013 was strongly discourage due to no evidence of benefit and evidence of potential harm.^[6]

Evidence is unclear if it affects the risk of preterm birth and due to potential side effects the practice is not routinely recommended.^[7] It is also not recommended for routine use in pregnant women with high blood pressure^[8] or to prevent miscarriage.^[9]

Women pregnant with twins or higher-order multiples are at higher risk for pregnancy complications. Routine bed rest in twin pregnancies (bed rest in the absence of complications) does not improve outcomes.^[10] Bed rest is therefore not recommended routinely in those with a multiple pregnancy.^[10]

Use in combination with assisted reproductive technology such as embryo transfer is also not recommended.^[11]

Back pain

For people with back pain bed rest has previously been recommended.^[12] Bed rest, however, is less beneficial than staying active.^[13] As a treatment for low back pain, bed rest should not be used for more than 48 hours.^[14]

Other

As of 2016 it is unclear if bed rest is useful for people in wheelchairs who have pressure ulcers.^[15]
Bed rest may be sufficient treatment for mild cases of Sydenham chorea.^[16]
In those with deep vein thrombosis early movement rather than bed rest appears helpful.^[17]

Adverse effects

Prolonged bed rest has long been known to have deleterious physiological effects, such as muscle atrophy and other forms of deconditioning such as arterial constriction.^[18] Besides lack of physical exercise it was shown that another important factor is that the hydrostatic pressure (caused by gravity) acts anomalously, resulting in altered distribution of body fluids. In other words, when getting up, this can cause an orthostatic hypertension, potentially inducing a vasovagal response.

Additionally, prolonged bed rest can lead to the formation of skin pressure ulcers.^[19] Even physical exercise in bed fails to address certain adverse effects.^[20]

Phlebothrombosis is marked by the formation of a clot in a vein without prior inflammation of the wall of the vein. It is associated with prolonged bed rest, surgery, pregnancy, and other conditions in which blood flow becomes sluggish or the blood coagulates more readily than normal. The affected area, usually the leg, may become swollen and tender. The danger is that the clot may become dislodged and travel to the lungs (a pulmonary embolism).^[21]

Technique

This man in 1945 England has been prescribed complete bed rest and accepts assistance so as not to sit up to drink.

Complete bed rest refers to discouraging the person in treatment from sitting up for any reason, including daily activities like drinking water.^[22]

Placing the head of a bed lower than the foot is sometimes used as a means of simulating the physiology of spaceflight.^[23]

History

As a treatment, bed rest is mentioned in the earliest medical writings. The rest cure, or bed rest cure, was a 19th-century treatment for many mental disorders, particularly hysteria. "Taking to bed" and becoming an "invalid" for an indefinite period was a culturally accepted response to some of the adversities of life.

In addition to bed rest, patients were secluded from all family contact to reduce dependence on others. The only person who bed rest patients were allowed to see was the nurse who massaged, bathed, and clothed them. Not only were patients to be isolated in bed for an extended time, they were advised to avoid other activities that may mentally exhaust them such as writing or drawing.^[24]

In some extreme cases electrotherapy was prescribed. The food the patient was served usually consisted of fatty dairy products to revitalize the body. This cure as well as its name were created by doctor Silas Weir Mitchell, and it was almost always prescribed to women, many of whom were suffering from depression, especially postpartum depression. It was not effective and caused many to go insane, suffer complications of prostration, or die.

Before the advent of effective antihypertension medications, bed rest was a standard treatment for markedly high blood pressure. It is still used in cases of carditis secondary to rheumatic fever. Its popularity and perceived efficacy have varied greatly over the centuries.

In 1892, feminist writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman published "The Yellow Wallpaper", a horror short story based on her experience when placed under the rest cure from Dr. Silas W. Mitchell himself. She wasn't allowed to write in a journal, paint a picture, or release her imagination in any way, though she was artistically inclined. If she ever felt ill, she was simply told to return to bed. Her specific instructions from Dr. Mitchell were to "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live."^[25] Gilman abided by Mitchell's instructions for several months before practically losing control of her sanity.

Eventually, Gilman divorced her husband on as good of terms as can be expected and pursued a life as a writer and women's rights activist. She later explained in her biography The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman that she could not be restrained to the domestic lifestyle without losing her sanity, and that "it was not a choice between going and staying, but between going, sane, and staying, insane."^[26]

The narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" reflected her own authentic account. The narrator was advised by her husband to perform the rest cure and avoid creative activities while struggling with fits of depression. After becoming obsessed with the yellow wallpaper in her room, the narrator suffers a mental breakdown and frees a "woman behind the wall," metaphorically resembling Gilman's own mental break and release from female expectations. Gilman sent her short story to Dr. Mitchell, hoping that he might change his treatment of women with mental health and help save people from her own experience.^[27] The story became a symbol of feminism in the 1970s at the time of its rediscovery.^[28]

The author Virginia Woolf was prescribed the rest cure, which she parodied in her novel Mrs Dalloway (1925) with the description "you invoke proportion; order rest in bed; rest in solitude; silence and rest; rest without friends, without books, without messages; six months rest; until a man who went in weighing seven stone six comes out weighing twelve".^[29]

Some negative effects of bed rest were historically attributed to drugs taken in bed rest.^[30]

References

^ Collin (2008). Dictionary of Medical Terms. A&C Black – via Credo Reference.
^ ^a ^b ^c Allen, C; Glasziou, P; Del Mar, C (9 October 1999). "Bed rest: a potentially harmful treatment needing more careful evaluation.". Lancet (London, England). 354 (9186): 1229–33. PMID 10520630.
^ Bed Rest During Pregnancy
^ Is It ‘Unethical’ To Prescribe Bed Rest For Pregnant Women? | CommonHealth
^ http://arms.evidence.nhs.uk/resources/qipp/664578/attachment
^ McCall, CA; Grimes, DA; Lyerly, AD (June 2013). ""Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data.". Obstetrics and gynecology. 121 (6): 1305–8. PMID 23812466.
^ Sosa, CG; Althabe, F; Belizán, JM; Bergel, E (30 March 2015). "Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 3: CD003581. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003581.pub3. PMID 25821121.
^ Meher, Shireen; Abalos, Edgardo; Carroli, Guillermo; Meher, Shireen (2005). "Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy". Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003514.pub2.
^ Aleman, Alicia; Althabe, Fernando; Belizán, José M; Bergel, Eduardo; Althabe, Fernando (2005). "Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage". Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003576.pub2.
^ ^a ^b Crowther, Caroline A; Han, Shanshan; Crowther, Caroline A (2010). "Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy". Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000110.pub2.
^ Küçük, M (April 2013). "Bed rest after embryo transfer: Is it harmful?". European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology. 167 (2): 123–6. PMID 23274041.
^ Weiner, Richard (2002). Pain management: a practical guide for clinicians. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 741. ISBN 0-8493-0926-3.
^ Hagen, KB; Jamtvedt, G; Hilde, G; Winnem, MF (1 March 2005). "The updated cochrane review of bed rest for low back pain and sciatica.". Spine. 30 (5): 542–6. PMID 15738787.
^ North American Spine Society (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, North American Spine Society, retrieved 25 March 2013
^ Moore, ZE; van Etten, MT; Dumville, JC (17 October 2016). "Bed rest for pressure ulcer healing in wheelchair users.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 10: CD011999. PMID 27748506.
^ "Sydenham Chorea Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ Izcovich, A; Popoff, F; Rada, G (28 June 2016). "Early mobilization versus bed rest for deep vein thrombosis.". Medwave. 16 Suppl 2: e6478. PMID 27391009.
^ Bleeker MW, De Groot PC, Rongen GA, et al. (October 2005). "Vascular adaptation to deconditioning and the effect of an exercise countermeasure: results of the Berlin Bed Rest study". Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 (4): 1293–300. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00118.2005. PMID 15932956.
^ "Ulcer." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University, and Paul Lagasse, Columbia University Press, 2016. Credo Reference, https://learn.sfcc.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/ulcer/0. Accessed 06 Sep 2016. External link in |title= (help)
^ Woods, Susan L. (2005). Cardiac nursing. Hagerstwon: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 921. ISBN 0-7817-4718-X.
^ Sell, Rebecca; Rothenberg, Mikel; Chapman, Charles F. (November 1, 2012). Dictionary of Medical Terms (6th ed.). New York: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0764147586. Retrieved 5 September 2016. (registration required (help)).
^ Mayo Clinic Staff (2011). "Bed rest during pregnancy: Get the facts - Mayo Clinic". mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
^ *Atsunori Kamiya, Satoshi Iwase, Daisaku Michikami, Qi Fu, and Tadaaki Mano (1 March 2000). "Head-down bed rest alters sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to mental stress". AJP: Regu Physiol. To examine effects of microgravity on vasomotor sympathetic and peripheral vasodilator responses to mental stress, we performed 10 min of mental arithmetic (MA) before and after 14 days of 6° head-down bed rest (HDBR), a ground-based simulation of spaceflight.
- Millet, C.; Custaud, MA; Maillet, A; Allevard, AM; Duvareille, M; Gauquelin-Koch, G; Gharib, C; Fortrat, JO (March 2001). "Endocrine responses to 7 days of head-down bed rest and orthostatic tests in men and women". Clinical Physiology. 21 (2): 172–183. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00315.x. PMID 11318825.
- Edgell, Heather (December 2007). "WISE-2005: adrenergic responses of women following 56-days, 6° head-down bed rest with or without exercise countermeasures". Environmental, Exercise and Respiratory Physiology.
- Randa L. Shehab; Robert E. Schlegel (August–September 1998). "The NASA performance assessment workstation: Cognitive performance during head-down bed rest". Acta Astronautica. 43: 223–233. doi:10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00156-8.
- Wilson, Thad (4 January 2003). "Effects of 14 days of head-down tilt bed rest on cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses in humans". Journal of Applied Physiology.
- Meck, Janice V.; Dreyer, Sherlene A.; Warren, L. Elisabeth (May 2009). "Long-Duration Head-Down Bed Rest: Project Overview, Vital Signs, and Fluid Balance". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 80 (Supplement 1): A1–A8. doi:10.3357/asem.br01.2009.
- Shibasaki, Manabu (November 1, 2003). "Exercise throughout 6° head-down tilt bed rest preserves thermoregulatory responses". Journal of Applied Physiology. 95 (5).
^ Geller, Jeffery L. (1994). Women of the Asylum: Voices from Behind the Walls 1840-1945. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 161–168.
^ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper". The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Gale, 1996. 230‐37. Print.
^ Geller, Jeffery L. (1994). Women of the Asylum: Voices from Behind the Walls 1840-1945. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 161–167.
^ Gilman, Charlotte. ""Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"". Charlotte Perkins Gilman.
^ http://www.lonestar.edu/yellow-wallpaper.htm
^ Lee, Hermione (1996). Virginia Woolf (1. publ. in Great Britain ed.). London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9780701165079.
^ Dock, William (1944). "THE EVIL SEQUELAE OF COMPLETE BED REST". Journal of the American Medical Association. 125 (16): 1083. doi:10.1001/jama.1944.02850340009004. ISSN 0002-9955.

External links

Stuempfle, K., and D. Drury. "The Physiological Consequences of Bed Rest". Journal of Exercise Physiology online (June 2007) 10(3):32-41.

UpToDate Contents

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Teamwork enables high level of early mobilization in critically ill patients.

Hickmann CE1, Castanares-Zapatero D1, Bialais E1, Dugernier J1, Tordeur A1, Colmant L1, Wittebole X1, Tirone G1, Roeseler J1, Laterre PF2.
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Effects of a spaceflight analog environment on brain connectivity and behavior.

Cassady K1, Koppelmans V2, Reuter-Lorenz P1, De Dios Y3, Gadd N3, Wood S4, Castenada RR5, Kofman I3, Bloomberg J6, Mulavara A7, Seidler R8.
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アロマトリートメントの心理的効果 : 活気の増加と混乱の低減

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急速に拡大した感染性胸部大動脈瘤に対して大動脈ステントグラフト内挿術が有効であった，進行肺癌を合併した一例

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… Because of rapid growth on consecutive examinations, absolute bed rest was required. …
NAID 120005593343