WordNet

(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
relating to or caused by bacteria; "bacterial infection"
respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants

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『バクテリア』,細菌
バクテリアの,細菌の
肺炎

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/24 22:52:53」(JST)

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Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection.^[1]

Signs and symptoms

Fever
Rigors
Cough
Runny nose (either direct bacterial pneumonia or accompanied by primary viral pneumonia)
Dyspnea - shortness of breath
Chest pain
Shaking chills^[2]
Pneumococcal pneumonia can cause coughing up of blood, or hemoptysis, characteristically associated with "rusty" sputum^[3]

Types

Gram-positive

Streptococcus pneumoniae (J13) is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in all age groups except newborn infants. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium that often lives in the throat of people who do not have pneumonia.

Other important Gram-positive causes of pneumonia are Staphylococcus aureus (J15.2) and Bacillus anthracis.

Gram-negative

Gram-negative bacteria are seen less frequently: Haemophilus influenzae (J14), Klebsiella pneumoniae (J15.0), Escherichia coli (J15.5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (J15.1), Bordetella pertussis, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common.

These bacteria often live in the gut and enter the lungs when contents of the gut (such as vomit or faeces) are inhaled.

Atypical

"Atypical" bacteria are Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila pneumoniae (J16.0), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (J15.7), and Legionella pneumophila.

Many people falsely believe they are called "atypical" because they are uncommon and/or do not respond to common antibiotics and/or cause atypical symptoms. In reality, they are "atypical" because they do not gram stain as well as gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

Pneumonia caused by Yersinia pestis is usually called pneumonic plague.

Pathophysiology

Bacteria typically enter the lung with inhalation, though they can reach the lung through the bloodstream if other parts of the body are infected. Often, bacteria live in parts of the upper respiratory tract and are continuously being inhaled into the alveoli. Once inside the alveoli, bacteria travel into the spaces between the cells and also between adjacent alveoli through connecting pores. This invasion triggers the immune system to respond by sending white blood cells responsible for attacking microorganisms (neutrophils) to the lungs. The neutrophils engulf and kill the offending organisms but also release cytokines that result in a general activation of the immune system. This results in the fever, chills, and fatigue common in bacterial and fungal pneumonia. The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid leaked from surrounding blood vessels fill the alveoli and result in impaired oxygen transportation.

Bacteria often travel from the lung into the blood stream (bacteremia) and can result in serious illness such as sepsis and eventually septic shock, in which there is low blood pressure leading to damage in multiple parts of the body including the brain, kidney, and heart. They can also travel to the area between the lungs and the chest wall, called the pleural cavity.

Treatment

Antibiotics are the treatment of choice for bacterial pneumonia and ventilation (oxygen supplement) as supportive therapy. The antibiotic choice depends on the nature of the pneumonia, the microorganisms most commonly causing pneumonia in the geographical region, and the immune status and underlying health of the individual. In the United Kingdom, amoxicillin is used as first-line therapy in the vast majority of patients acquiring pneumonia in the community, sometimes with added clarithromycin. In North America, where the "atypical" forms of community-acquired pneumonia are becoming more common, clarithromycin, azithromycin, or fluoroquinolones as single therapy, have displaced the amoxicillin as first-line therapy. Local patterns of antibiotic-resistance should always be considered when initiating pharmacotherapy. In hospitalized individuals or those with immune deficiencies, local guidelines determine the selection of antibiotics.

Gram-positive organisms

Streptococcus pneumoniae — amoxicillin (or erythromycin in patients allergic to penicillin); cefuroxime and erythromycin in severe cases. Staphylococcus aureus — flucloxacillin (to counteract the organism's β-lactamase).

Gram-negative organisms

Haemophilus influenzae — doxycycline; 2nd generation Cephalosporins such as Cefaclor
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa — ciprofloxacin
Moraxella catarrhalis

Atypical organisms

Chlamydophila pneumoniae — doxycycline
Chlamydophila psittaci — erythromycin
Mycoplasma pneumoniae — erythromycin
Coxiella burnetti — doxycycline
Legionella pneumophila — erythromycin, with rifampicin sometimes added.

People who have difficulty breathing due to pneumonia may require extra oxygen. An extremely sick individual may require artificial ventilation and intensive care as life-saving measures while his or her immune system fights off the infectious cause with the help of antibiotics and other drugs.

Prevention

Prevention of bacterial pneumonia is by vaccination against streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children), Haemophilus influenzae type B, meningococcus, bordetella pertussis, bacillus anthracis, and yersinia pestis.

References

^ "bacterial pneumonia" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Bacterial Pneumonia". Lung Disease & Respiratory Health Center. WebMD. p. 2.
^ Corey, Ralph (1990). "Ch. 39: Hemoptysis". In Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-90077-X.

External links

World Pneumonia Day

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人の外来患者における市中肺炎の治療 treatment of community acquired pneumonia in adults in the outpatient setting
2. 小児における市中肺炎：外来治療 community acquired pneumonia in children outpatient treatment
3. 成人における市中肺炎に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to community acquired pneumonia in adults
4. 小児における肺炎：入院治療 pneumonia in children inpatient treatment
5. 入院を要する成人における市中肺炎の治療 treatment of community acquired pneumonia in adults who require hospitalization

English Journal

From the acta prize lecture 2014: the periodontal-systemic connection seen from a microbiological standpoint.

Olsen I1.
Acta odontologica Scandinavica.Acta Odontol Scand.2015 Nov;73(8):563-8. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2015.1007480. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
OBJECTIVE: To give an overview of the periodontal-systemic connection seen from a microbiologist.METHODS: Original research papers, review articles and workshop proceedings were consulted.RESULTS: Periodontal bacteria can cross epithelial cells, enter the circulation, invade endothelial cells, induc
PMID 25891035

Effectiveness and safety of a clinical decision rule for guiding the management of children with pneumonia vaccinated against pneumococcal disease: A controlled clinical trial.

Ferrero F1, Adrián Torres F2, Domínguez P3, Ossorio MF2.
Archivos argentinos de pediatria.Arch Argent Pediatr.2015 Oct 1;113(5):397-403.
INTRODUCTION: Although most cases of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years old have a viral nature, in everyday practice, they are frequently treated with antibiotics. A clinical decision rule (BPS:Bacterial Pneumonia Score) proved to be effective for identifying which children with pneumonia
PMID 26294143

Synthesis, antibacterial and QSAR evaluation of 5-oxo and 5-thio derivatives of 1,4-disubstituted tetrazoles.

Morjan RY1, Al-Attar NH2, Abu-Teim OS2, Ulrich M3, Awadallah AM1, Mkadmh AM4, Elmanama AA5, Raftery J6, Abu-Awwad FM1, Yaseen ZJ1, Elqidrea AF3, Gardiner JM7.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2015 Sep 15;25(18):4024-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.070. Epub 2015 Apr 28.
A series of 1,4-disubstituted tetrazol-5-ones 3a, 5, 7, 12, 13 and 1,4-disubstituted tetrazol-5-thiones 3b, 9, 10 was synthesized and fully characterized by IR, MS, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR. The series was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against four Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Prot
PMID 26243367

Japanese Journal

研究・症例横紋筋融解症を合併したクレブシエラ肺炎の1例

長神康雄,矢寺和博,野口真吾 [他]
日本胸部臨床 73(2), 210-215, 2014-02
NAID 40019965391

感染症の画像診断(第1回)細菌感染症(市中肺炎)

西本優子,東野貴徳,寺田聡子
日本胸部臨床 73(1), 59-68, 2014-01
NAID 40019935374

Evaluation of a Rapid Oral Bacteria Quantification System Using Dielectrophoresis and the Impedance Measurement

HIROTA KATSUHIKO,INAGAKI SATORU,HAMADA RYO,ISHIHARA KAZUYUKI,MIYAKE YOICHIRO
Biocontrol Science 19(1), 45-49, 2014
… First, the relationship between the DEPIM results and bacterial concentration measured by SPC was clarified. … The bacterial counts with DEPIM strongly correlated with those with SPC (r<SUP>2</SUP>=0.633-0.997) and this correlation was also shown in the measurement of a mixed bacterial suspension (ranging from 10<SUP>5</SUP> … cfu/ml) of two bacterial species. …
NAID 130003395462

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌性肺炎」
関連記事	「bacterial」

「細菌性肺炎」

Bacterial pneumonia
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	J13-J16
ICD-9-CM	481-483
eMedicine	emerg/465
MeSH	D018410
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: bacterial pneumonia
関: 肺炎

分類

胸部のCT 第3版 p.327

大葉性肺炎(肺胞性肺炎)

病態：起炎菌が末梢肺胞に到達、炎症性浮腫を引き起こし、大量の滲出液の産生につながる。滲出液はコーン孔などの側副換気路や末梢の既存する気道を介して周囲へ広がっていく。
画像：気道区域を越えて肺末梢を広範囲に広がる。bulging fissure sign, air bronchogram
起炎菌：肺炎球菌、肺炎桿菌、レジオネラ、クラミドフィラ･ニューモニエ、クラミドフィラ・シッタン

小葉性肺炎(気管支肺炎)：

病態：末梢気道粘膜を障害。細胞性の滲出液による区域性の斑状の陰影を呈する。
画像：気管支壁肥厚、分岐状の粒状影
起炎菌：インフルエンザ桿菌、肺炎マイコプラズマ、モラクセラ･カタラーリス、緑膿菌、黄色ブドウ球菌

国試

095B016

「bacterial」

　　[★]

adj.

細菌性の、細菌の、細菌的な

関: bacteria、bacterially、bacterio、bacterium

[1] "bacterial pneumonia" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[2] "Bacterial Pneumonia". Lung Disease & Respiratory Health Center. WebMD. p. 2.

[3] Corey, Ralph (1990). "Ch. 39: Hemoptysis". In Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-90077-X.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

bacterial pneumonia