autumn

• 秋

関

fall

　

WordNet

1. yield to temptation or sin; "Adam and Eve fell"
2. the season when the leaves fall from the trees; "in the fall of 1973" (同)autumn
3. come as if by falling; "Night fell"; "Silence fell" (同)descend, settle
4. be born, used chiefly of lambs; "The lambs fell in the afternoon"
5. begin vigorously; "The prisoners fell to work right away"
6. go as if by falling; "Grief fell from our hearts"
7. occur at a specified time or place; "Christmas falls on a Monday this year"; "The accent falls on the first syllable"
8. pass suddenly and passively into a state of body or mind; "fall into a trap"; "She fell ill"; "They fell out of favor"; "Fall in love"; "fall asleep"; "fall prey to an imposter"; "fall into a strange way of thinking"; "she fell to pieces after she lost her work"
9. a lapse into sin; a loss of innocence or of chastity; "a fall from virtue"
10. a sudden decline in strength or number or importance; "the fall of the House of Hapsburg" (同)downfall
11. when a wrestlers shoulders are forced to the mat (同)pin
12. a movement downward; "the rise and fall of the tides"
13. come under, be classified or included; "fall into a category"; "This comes under a new heading" (同)come
14. lose an upright position suddenly; "The vase fell over and the water spilled onto the table"; "Her hair fell across her forehead" (同)fall down
15. fall to somebody by assignment or lot; "The task fell to me"; "It fell to me to notify the parents of the victims" (同)light
16. be inherited by; "The estate fell to my sister"; "The land returned to the family"; "The estate devolved to an heir that everybody had assumed to be dead" (同)return, pass, devolve
17. touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly; "Light fell on her face"; "The sun shone on the fields"; "The light struck the golden necklace"; "A strange sound struck my ears" (同)shine, strike
18. assume a disappointed or sad expression; "Her face fell when she heard that she would be laid off"; "his crest fell"
19. be captured; "The cities fell to the enemy"
20. be cast down; "his eyes fell"
21. be due; "payments fall on the 1st of the month"
22. come out; issue; "silly phrases fell from her mouth"
23. descend in free fall under the influence of gravity; "The branch fell from the tree"; "The unfortunate hiker fell into a crevasse"
24. die, as in battle or in a hunt; "Many soldiers fell at Verdun"; "Several deer have fallen to the same gun"; "The shooting victim fell dead"
25. drop oneself to a lower or less erect position; "She fell back in her chair"; "He fell to his knees"
26. lose office or power; "The government fell overnight"; "The Qing Dynasty fell with Sun Yat-sen"
27. lose ones chastity; "a fallen woman"
28. move in a specified direction; "The line of men fall forward"
29. slope downward; "The hills around here fall towards the ocean"
30. suffer defeat, failure, or ruin; "We must stand or fall"; "fall by the wayside"
31. to be given by assignment or distribution; "The most difficult task fell on the youngest member of the team"; "The onus fell on us"; "The pressure to succeed fell on the youngest student"
32. to be given by right or inheritance; "The estate fell to the oldest daughter"
33. of or characteristic of or occurring in autumn; "the autumnal equinox"; "autumnal fruits"
34. characteristic of late maturity verging on decline; "a serene autumnal mood"
35. of plants that bloom during the autumn (同)autumn-blooming, fall-flowering, fall-blooming, late-flowering, late-blooming
36. North American perennial with bright yellow late summer flowers (同)Helenium autumnale
37. 40808 (同)September equinox, fall equinox

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『秋』(北半球では秋分から冬至まで,南半球では北半球の春分から夏至まで) / 爛熟(ちんじゅく)期,衰退期,初老期 / 秋の
2. 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》『落下する』,落ちる / 〈人・物が〉『倒れる』《+『down』(『over』)》 / 傷ついて倒れる,倒れて死ぬ / (…まで)垂れ下がる,〈道などが〉下降する《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈目・顔などが〉下を向く,うつむく,沈む / 〈暗やみ・静けさなどが〉(…に)たれ込める;〈災害・責任・病気・眠けなどが〉(…に)降りかかる《+『on』(『upon, over』)+『名』》 / 〈程度・数量・値段などが〉(…まで)『下がる』,減少する《+『to』+『名』》 / 誘惑に負ける,墜落する / (勢力・威信・人望などを)失う《+『from』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈政権などが〉倒れる,〈要塞などが〉陥落する;(…の手に)落ちる《+『to』+『名』》 / 『なる』,陥る / 〈時・事が〉(…に)当たる,起こる,(しかるべき位置に)来る《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈光線・視線などが〉(…に)向けられる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』 / (…に)分かれる《+『into』+『名』》 / 〈言葉などが〉(…から)漏れる《+『from』》 / 〈C〉(…から)『落ちること』,落下《+『from』+『名』》;(…への)落下《+『to』(『toward』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(雨・雪などの)降った量《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《固有名詞としては単数扱い》滝 / 〈C〉(…から…までの)落差《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉倒れること,転倒 / 〈C〉(程度・数量・値段などの)下落,減少,衰退《+『in』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》(…の)陥落,崩壊《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉堕落 / 〈C〉傾斜
3. 『秋』(autumn)
4. 秋の;秋に実る(咲く)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/14 17:32:17」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"Fall" redirects here. For other uses, see Fall (disambiguation).

This article is about the temperate season. For other uses, see Autumn (disambiguation).

Autumn foliage splendor in the Green Mountain National Forest

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Autumn or Fall (pron.: /ˈɔːtəm/, /ˈɑːtəm/ or /fɔːl/, /fɑːl/, respectively) is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere) when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier.

The equinoxes might be expected to be in the middle of their respective seasons, but temperature lag (caused by the thermal latency of the ground and sea) means that seasons appear later than dates calculated from a purely astronomical perspective. The actual lag varies with region. Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as "mid-autumn", others with a longer lag treat it as the start of autumn. Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April and May in the southern hemisphere.

In North America, autumn is usually considered to start with the September equinox. In traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are September, October and November. However, according to the Irish Calendar which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September, and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In Australia, autumn officially begins on 1 March and ends 31 May According to United States tradition^{[citation needed]}, autumn runs from the day after Labor Day (i.e. the Tuesday following the first Monday of September) through Thanksgiving (i.e. the fourth Thursday in November), after which the holiday season that demarcates the unofficial beginning of winter begins.

Etymology

The word autumn comes from the Old French word autompne (automne in modern French), and was later normalised to the original Latin word autumnus. There are rare examples of its use as early as the 12th century, but it became common by the 16th century.

Before the 16th century, harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in other West Germanic languages to this day (cf. Dutch herfst and German Herbst). However, as more people gradually moved from working the land to living in towns (especially those who could read and write,^{[citation needed]} the only people whose use of language we now know), the word harvest lost its reference to the time of year and came to refer only to the actual activity of reaping, and autumn, as well as fall, began to replace it as a reference to the season.

The alternative word fall for the season traces its origins to old Germanic languages. The exact derivation is unclear, with the Old English fiæll or feallan and the Old Norse fall all being possible candidates. However, these words all have the meaning "to fall from a height" and are clearly derived either from a common root or from each other. The term came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall of the year".

During the 17th century, English emigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak, and the new settlers took the English language with them. While the term fall gradually became obsolete in Britain, it became the more common term in North America.^{[citation needed]}

Harvest association

Association with the transition from warm to cold weather, and its related status as the season of the primary harvest, has dominated its themes and popular images. In Western cultures, personifications of autumn are usually pretty, well-fed females adorned with fruits, vegetables and grains that ripen at this time. Many cultures feature autumnal harvest festivals, often the most important on their calendars. Still extant echoes of these celebrations are found in the mid-autumn Thanksgiving holiday of the United States and Canada, and the Jewish Sukkot holiday with its roots as a full-moon harvest festival of "tabernacles" (living in outdoor huts around the time of harvest).^{[citation needed]} There are also the many North American Indian festivals tied to harvest of autumnally ripe foods gathered in the wild, the Chinese Mid-Autumn or Moon festival, and many others. The predominant mood of these autumnal celebrations is a gladness for the fruits of the earth mixed with a certain melancholy linked to the imminent arrival of harsh weather.

This view is presented in English poet John Keats' poem To Autumn, where he describes the season as a time of bounteous fecundity, a time of 'mellow fruitfulness'.

While most foods are harvested during the autumn, foods particularly associated with the season include pumpkins (which are integral parts of both Thanksgiving and Halloween) and apples, which are used to make the seasonal beverage apple cider.

Melancholy association

Autumn in New Hampshire

Autumn in poetry has often been associated with melancholy. The possibilities of summer are gone, and the chill of winter is on the horizon. Skies turn grey, and many people turn inward, both physically and mentally.

Similar examples may be found in Irish poet William Butler Yeats' poem The Wild Swans at Coole where the maturing season that the poet observes symbolically represents his own ageing self. Like the natural world that he observes he too has reached his prime and now must look forward to the inevitability of old age and death. French poet Paul Verlaine's "Chanson d'automne" ("Autumn Song") is likewise characterised by strong, painful feelings of sorrow. Keats' To Autumn, written in September 1819, echoes this sense of melancholic reflection, but also emphasises the lush abundance of the season.

Other associations

Halloween pumpkins

In the Anglosphere, most notably in Anglo-America, autumn is also associated with the Halloween season (which in turn was influenced by Samhain, a Celtic autumn festival), and with it a widespread marketing campaign that promotes it, in the U.S.A. The television, film, book, costume, home decoration, and confectionery industries use this time of year to promote products closely associated with such a holiday, with promotions going from early September to 31 October, since their themes rapidly lose strength once the holiday ends, and advertising starts concentrating on Christmas.

Autumn has a strong association with American football, as the regular season begins during September and ends with playoff competition in December or January, in the winter season. Canadian football, on the other hand, begins in the summer, but extends its season through the autumn season and into November. A normal activity for high schools in the US is attending Friday night football games in Autumn, while Sunday afternoons are reserved for the professional game, particularly the National Football League, and Saturdays are traditionally used for college football. The sport is generally geared around fall weather and playing in cold elements.

Autumn also has strong ties to post-season baseball, with the autumnal equinox occurring with about a week left in the regular season, depending on scheduling. Autumn baseball oftentimes signifies excitement in the air for fans who root for teams on the cusp of making the post-season, as well as those that made it. The World Series, baseball's championship series which determines the champion of Major League Baseball for that season, is held in mid-to-late October (sometimes spilling over into November to accommodate longer series) and is nicknamed the "Fall Classic".

Television stations and networks, particularly in North America, traditionally begin their regular seasons in autumn, with new series and new episodes of existing series debuting mostly during late September (series that debut outside the fall season are usually known as midseason replacements). A sweeps period takes place in November to measure Nielsen Ratings.

Autumn, particularly in most parts of the United States, also has a strong association with the start of a new school year, particularly for children in primary and secondary education. "Back to School" advertising and preparations usually occurs in the weeks leading to the start of the fall season.

Since 1997, Autumn has been one of the top 100 names for girls in the United States.

In Indian mythology, autumn is considered to be the preferred season for the goddess of learning Saraswati, who is also known by the name of "goddess of autumn" (Sharada).

Tourism

Although colour change in leaves occurs wherever deciduous trees are found, coloured autumn foliage is noted in various regions of the world: most of Anglo-America, Eastern Asia (including China, Korea, and Japan), Europe, parts of Australia and New Zealand.

Eastern Canada and New England are famous for their autumnal foliage, and this attracts major tourism (worth billions of U.S. dollars) for the regions.

Paintings

• Otoño, Frederic Edwin Church, 1875. Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza

• John Everett Millais, "Autumn Leaves".

• Early Autumn, Qian Xuan, 13th century, depiction of decaying lotus leaves and dragonflies hovering over stagnant water

• Autumn, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1573

• Herbst [Autumn], Meinolf Wewel

Gallery

• Cherry trees in autumn

• Oak tree in autumn

• A forested hill over Struma (river) valey in Vitosha

• Leaves of the Maple tree in autumn.

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "^{article name needed}". Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. 

External links

• How To Photograph Autumn Color
• What Season Is It?
• What is Autumn

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Antioxidant potential of different plum cultivars during storage.

• Mihalache Arion C, Tabart J, Kevers C, Niculaua M, Filimon R, Beceanu D, Dommes J.Author information University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Horticultural Technologies, 3, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, Iaşi 700490, Romania.AbstractPlums, the most commonly consumed fruits from Romania, are fruits rich in bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants. This research work was carried out to investigate the antioxidant potential of twelve plum cultivars, fresh and stored during 10days at 4°C by using different methods (DPPH, ORAC and erythrocyte resistance to haemolysis). The contents of total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanins were also determined by specific spectrometric methods. Significant differences between fresh and stored plum cultivars (p<0.05) were found. Storage at 4°C resulted in an increase in antioxidant potential and anthocyanins content of the autumn plum varieties. Autumn plum varieties also showed a higher antioxidant capacity than summer varieties, as assessed by the ORAC and the haemolysis resistance assays. Our results suggest that, even after storage, plums could be a good source of antioxidants, which may provide health-promoting effects for humans.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Mar 1;146:485-91. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.072. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
• Plums, the most commonly consumed fruits from Romania, are fruits rich in bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants. This research work was carried out to investigate the antioxidant potential of twelve plum cultivars, fresh and stored during 10days at 4°C by using different methods (DPPH, ORAC and
• PMID 24176372

• As, Cd, Hg and Pb in four edible shellfish species from breeding and harvesting areas along the eastern Adriatic Coast, Croatia.

• Bogdanović T, Ujević I, Sedak M, Listeš E, Simat V, Petričević S, Poljak V.Author information Croatian Veterinary Institute, Regional Part Split, Poljička C. 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia.AbstractFour species of shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ostrea edulis, Chlamis varia and Venus verrucosa) were collected during the autumn 2011 and spring 2012 along the eastern Adriatic coast from six shellfish harvesting areas (all species) and 13 breeding sampling areas (mussels) to assess As, Cd, Hg and Pb levels and the human risks of shellfish consumption. The mean metal concentrations (wet weight) in the examined species ranged from 1.420 to 9.575mg/kg for As, 0.034 to 1.270 for Cd, 0.005 to 0.680 for Hg and 0.140 to 2.072 for Pb. Examination of the spatial distribution of As, Cd, Hg and Pb revealed statistically significant differences among the studied areas. Since the concentrations were below the maximum prescribed by the laws of the EU and Croatia (the concentrations slightly exceeded the upper limits for three samples; Pb, Cd and Hg) and the hazard index, (HI) for Cd, Hg and Pb were below 1 and the target cancer risk (TR) for As was lower than 1×10(-6), there is no human health risk of consumption of shellfish from Croatian waters.
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• PMID 24176332

• The patterns of seasonal activity of Ixodes vespertilionis (Acari: Ixodidae) on Rhinolophus hipposideros in nursery colonies.

• Piksa K, Górz A, Nowak-Chmura M, Siuda K.Author information Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Poland. Electronic address: krzychu@up.krakow.pl.AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of the long-legged bat tick Ixodes vespertilionis infestation on the lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros in 2 nursery colonies roosting in attics. Out of a total of 810 lesser horseshoe bats examined, 217 (26.8%) were found to be infested with a total of 464 I. vespertilionis individuals. The developmental stage most frequently found was the larva, followed by the nymph, and the adult female. Bats were significantly more frequently infested with I. vespertilionis ticks in the period April to May than in other months. In these months, all tick developmental stages were observed. During summer and autumn, only immature developmental stages were recorded, whilst in September and October larvae predominated. Considerable differences in tick load between nursery colonies were observed. The length of seasonal presence on bats, prevalence, and infestation intensity of I. vespertilionis on lesser horseshoe bats were higher in the nursery colony situated in close vicinity of a cave than in the colony situated far from the caves. The results suggest that the pattern of seasonal infestation of ticks on bats roosting in nursery colonies coincides with the seasonal activity of Rh. hipposideros in the caves. The first case of mixed infestation of the lesser horseshoe bat with I. vespertilionis and I. ricinus were also recorded.
• Ticks and tick-borne diseases.Ticks Tick Borne Dis.2014 Feb;5(1):69-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.08.006. Epub 2013 Nov 16.
• The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of the long-legged bat tick Ixodes vespertilionis infestation on the lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros in 2 nursery colonies roosting in attics. Out of a total of 810 lesser horseshoe bats examined, 217 (26.8%) were found to be infested
• PMID 24252260

Japanese Journal

• 水中テンプラノイズの自動計測装置の構築と連続測定結果

• 倉本 和興,田中 隆博
• 海上保安大学校研究報告, 理工学系 58(1・2), 1-8, 20150327-00-00
• … The consecutive measurements for 4 days(for 77 hours)of each season in winter,spring,summer,autumn were carried out in the fixed point at KOJIMA pier,and the relationship between the changes of pulse generation of snapping shrimp and marine environment values is reconsidered. …
• NAID 120005602050

• 北方針葉樹トドマツの低温への適応：耐凍性獲得のタイミングと遺伝的変異

• 石塚 航,小野 清美,原 登志彦,後藤 晋
• 低温科学 0073, 81-92, 2015-03-31
• … Such species show autumn cold hardening as a seasonal acclimation response.It is important that the cold hardening occurs at a suitable time in each local climate,but there is a phenologicaltrade-off between later hardening,which lengthens the active growth period,and earlier hardening,which avoidsfrost damage. …
• NAID 120005607903

• 大量出没年に長野県松本市で捕殺されたツキノワグマ成獣オスの環境利用の変化

• 瀧井 暁子,泉山 茂之
• 信州大学農学部AFC報告 13, 99-105, 2015-03-31
• 2014年秋季，長野県中信地域では里地へのツキノワグマの大量出没が発生し，捕殺数が2006年以降，最大となった。しかし，長野県ではこのような大量出没年におけるツキノワグマの行動を明らかにした事例はこれまで報告されなかった。本研究では，2012年9月に松本市西部の水殿ダムで捕獲された成獣オス1頭（捕獲当時8歳）について，2014年10月に松本市梓川で捕殺されるまでの約2年間の個体追跡から得られた利用 …
• NAID 120005604079

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「fall」「秋」
拡張検索	「autumnal meadow saffron」「autumnal fever」

「fall」

　　[★]

• vi.
• n.

• [Fall](米)秋(autumn)。[形容詞的に]秋の、秋向きの
• (単数形)(～からの)落下、墜落。落下距離、落差(from)
• (単数形)(多くの落下部分からなる幅の広い)滝
• (単数形)降雨(量)、降雪(量)
• 転倒。倒壊。戦死
• (単数形)(～の)下落、降下、減少(in)
• (アクセントなどの)あるべき位置
• (the ～; 単数形)(都市などの)陥落。没落、滅亡、崩壊、政権を失うこと
• (Fall]/[the/a ～]堕落。(神学)罪
• 傾斜、勾配
• 垂れ下がる物。(女性の)垂れ下がった付け毛。(テリヤ犬などの)顔面に垂れている房毛

・

・

・

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「秋」

　　[★]

英

autumn、fall

関

陥る、減少、低下、転・、落下、降下

「autumnal meadow saffron」

　　[★]

イヌサフラン

関

Autumn crocus、meadow saffron

「autumnal fever」

　　[★]

英

autumnal fever

関

レプトスピラ症