WordNet

of or related to the anus; "anal thermometer"
a stage in psychosexual development when the childs interest is concentrated on the anal region; fixation at this stage is said to result in orderliness, meanness, stubbornness, compulsiveness, etc. (同)anal retentive
a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening (同)anatomical sphincter, sphincter_muscle
a collection of anecdotes about a person or place

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肛門(こうもん)(anus)の
括約筋(かつやくきん)
(次にくる語の発音が母音で始まるときに用いる) / (子音[h]で始まり第1音節に強勢のない語の場合はanを用いることがある.ただし,この場合は[h]を発音しない)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/15 13:45:26」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the bodily orifice. For other uses, see Anus (disambiguation).

For details specific to the human anus, see Human anus.

The anus (from Latin anus, meaning "ring, anus", which is from the Proto-Indo-European ano–, meaning "ring" ) is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to control the expulsion of feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may include: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones;^[1] food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts.

Amphibians, reptiles, and birds use the same orifice (known as the cloaca) for excreting liquid and solid wastes, and for copulation and egg-laying. Monotreme mammals also have a cloaca, which is thought to be a feature inherited from the earliest amniotes via the therapsids. Marsupials have a single orifice for excreting both solids and liquids and, in females, a separate vagina for reproduction. Female placental mammals have completely separate orifices for defecation, urination, and reproduction; males have one opening for defecation and another for both urination and reproduction, although the channels flowing to that orifice are almost completely separate.

The development of the anus was an important stage in the evolution of multicellular animals. It appears to have happened at least twice, following different paths in protostomes and deuterostomes. This accompanied or facilitated other important evolutionary developments: the bilaterian body plan, the coelom, and metamerism, in which the body was built of repeated "modules" which could later specialize, such as the heads of most arthropods, which are composed of fused, specialized segments.

Development

Main articles: Protostome and Deuterostome

In animals at least as complex as an earthworm, the embryo forms a dent on one side, the blastopore, which deepens to become the archenteron, the first phase in the growth of the gut. In deuterostomes, the original dent becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. The protostomes were so named because it was thought that in their embryos the dent formed the mouth first (proto– meaning "first") and the anus was formed later at the opening made by the other end of the gut. More recent research, however, shows that in protostomes the edges of the dent close up in the middle, leaving openings at the ends which become the mouth and anus.^[2]

References

^ Chin, K., Erickson, G.M. et al. (1998-06-18). "A king-sized theropod coprolite". Nature 393 (6686): 680. doi:10.1038/31461. Summary at Monastersky, R. (1998-06-20). "Getting the scoop from the poop of T. rex". Science News (Society for Science &#38) 153 (25): 391. doi:10.2307/4010364. JSTOR 4010364.
^ Arendt, D., Technau, U., and Wittbrodt, J. (4 January 2001). "Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut". Nature 409 (6816): 81–85. doi:10.1038/35051075. PMID 11343117. Retrieved 2008-07-14.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における便失禁：疫学および評価 fecal incontinence in adults etiology and evaluation
2. 肛門括約筋断裂の待機手術によるマネージメント delayed surgical management of the disrupted anal sphincter
3. 妊娠および経膣分娩が肛門括約筋および便失禁に及ぼす影響 effect of pregnancy and childbirth on anal sphincter function and fecal incontinence
4. 成人における便失禁：マネージメント fecal incontinence in adults management
5. 幼児および小児における慢性機能性便秘および便失禁：治療 chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children treatment

English Journal

Initial results of a new bulking agent for fecal incontinence: a multicenter study.

Rosato G1, Piccinini P, Oliveira L, Habr-Gamma A, Chwat C.
Diseases of the colon and rectum.Dis Colon Rectum.2015 Feb;58(2):241-6. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000300.
BACKGROUND: Anal incontinence is a common and multifactorial pathology that affects patients' lives and imposes considerable socioeconomic consequences.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a bulking agent, polyacrylate-polyalcohol (PP), in terms of diminishing the severity
PMID 25585084

Partial Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy versus Combined Botulinum Toxin A Injection and Topical Diltiazem in the Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Gandomkar H1, Zeinoddini A, Heidari R, Amoli HA.
Diseases of the colon and rectum.Dis Colon Rectum.2015 Feb;58(2):228-34. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000307.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and complications associated with combined topical diltiazem cream and botulinum toxin A injection versus partial lateral internal sphincterotomy in chronic anal fissure.DESIGN: This study is a parallel, randomized controlled trial (
PMID 25585082

Japanese Journal

肛門括約筋機能不全における肛門管超音波検査での再現性と有用性

田島雄介,田中荘一,相川佳子,長嶋康雄,松田聡,尾田典隆,野中雅彦,木村浩三,中井勝彦,川上和彦,松田保秀
日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 67(4), 253-258, 2014
肛門管超音波検査は低侵襲，簡便という利点を有するが，所見の再現性が議論されることもある．肛門管超音波検査による肛門括約筋所見の再現性と有用性を明らかにする目的で，肛門管超音波所見をレトロスペクティブに再評価し，所見の有無で肛門内圧に差がないか検討した．対象は肛門管超音波と肛門内圧検査を施行された女性患者33例．4人の技師が超音波画像を再評価し，肛門括約筋の同定，途絶有無，厚不整有無を再現性という観 …
NAID 130003394587

下部直腸・肛門管と腟の接合部の組織構築と神経分布

秦史壮,荒川高志,岡田邦明,西森英史,池田慎一郎,山田真美,平間知美,矢嶋知己,阿部伸一
日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 67(1), 8-15, 2014
下部直腸・肛門管と腟の間の組織構築および神経分布を検索するため，成人献体10体から矢状断ないし斜め水平断の組織切片を作成，弾性線維染色および神経免疫組織染色を施した．矢状断では，弾性線維に富む連合縦走筋が，会陰体外側延長部（LEPB）と内肛門括約筋の間を下行，外肛門括約筋に放散していた．前束と後束に分かれ，前束がLEPB内に放散することもあった．いわゆる直腸腟中隔は薄くかつ寸断されており，下部直腸 …
NAID 130003385086

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「肛門括約筋」
関連記事	「anal」「sphincter」

「肛門括約筋」

Anus
	; Formation of anus in proto- and deuterostomes
Latin	Anus
Gray's	p.1184
System	Alimentary, sometimes reproductive
Artery	Inferior rectal artery
Vein	Inferior rectal vein
Nerve	Inferior rectal nerves
Lymph	Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Precursor	Proctodeum

　　[★]

英: anal sphincter
ラ: sphincter ani
関: 肛門

「anal」

　　[★]

adj.

肛門の、(analytical等の略)分析

関: analyse、analyses、analysis、analytical、analyze、ani、anus、assay、dissect

「sphincter」

　　[★]

括約筋

関: sphincter muscle、sphincteral

[ChinEtal1998KingSizeCoprolite-1] Chin, K., Erickson, G.M. et al. (1998-06-18). "A king-sized theropod coprolite". Nature 393 (6686): 680. doi:10.1038/31461. Summary at Monastersky, R. (1998-06-20). "Getting the scoop from the poop of T. rex". Science News (Society for Science &#38) 153 (25): 391. doi:10.2307/4010364. JSTOR 4010364.

[2] Arendt, D., Technau, U., and Wittbrodt, J. (4 January 2001). "Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut". Nature 409 (6816): 81–85. doi:10.1038/35051075. PMID 11343117. Retrieved 2008-07-14.

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案内

案内

anal sphincter