嗜癖行動、常習行為

WordNet

the action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances; "the behavior of small particles can be studied in experiments" (同)behaviour
(psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation (同)behaviour
manner of acting or controlling yourself (同)behaviour, conduct, doings
causing or characterized by addiction; "addictive drugs"; "addictive behavior" (同)habit-forming

PrepTutorEJDIC

(薬品が)[麻薬]中毒を起こす,習慣性の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/16 01:09:08」(JST)

wiki en

Addiction and dependence glossary^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
• addiction – a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences
• addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing
• addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing
• dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
• drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
• drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
• physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens)
• psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia)
• reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
• rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to be approached
• sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
• substance use disorder - a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
• tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
(edit \| history)

An addictive behavior is a behavior, or a stimulus related to a behavior (e.g., sex or food), that is both rewarding and reinforcing, and is associated with the development of an addiction. Addictions involving addictive behaviors are normally referred to as behavioral addictions.

Compulsion vs addiction

Compulsions and addictions are intertwined and reward is one major distinction between an addiction and a compulsion (as it is experienced in obsessive-compulsive disorder). An addiction is, by definition, a form of compulsion, and both addictions and compulsions involve operant reinforcement; however, in addiction, the desire and motivation to use a substance or engage in a behavior arises because it is rewarding (i.e., the compulsions that occur in addiction develop through positive reinforcement). In contrast, someone who experiences a compulsion as part of obsessive-compulsive disorder may not perceive anything rewarding from acting on the compulsion. Often, it is a way of dealing with the obsessive part of the disorder, resulting in a feeling of relief (i.e., compulsions may also arise through negative reinforcement).^{[citation needed]}

Deep brain stimulation to the nucleus accumbens, a region in the brain involved heavily in addiction and reinforcement learning, has proven to be an effective treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder.^[5]

References

^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681 . PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
^ "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID 26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.
^ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/282899.php

External links

VideoJug video on "What is behavioral addiction?"

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における自殺念慮および自殺行動 suicidal ideation and behavior in adults
2. ベンゾジアゼピン依存症：疫学、発症機序、臨床症状、経過、診断 benzodiazepine use disorder epidemiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations course and diagnosis
3. HIV感染患者における薬物乱用および中毒 substance abuse and addiction in hiv infected patients
4. 反社会性人格障害の治療 treatment of antisocial personality disorder
5. 併発した統合失調症および物質使用障害に対する薬物療法 pharmacotherapy for co occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorder

English Journal

Diagnostic Concordance between DSM-5 and ICD-10 Cannabis Use Disorders.

Proctor SL1, Williams DC2, Kopak AM3, Voluse AC2, Connolly KM2, Hoffmann NG4.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2016 Jul;58:117-22. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.034. Epub 2016 Feb 20.
OBJECTIVES: With the recent federal mandate that all U.S. health care settings transition to ICD-10 billing codes, empirical evidence is necessary to determine if the DSM-5 designations map to their respective ICD-10 diagnostic categories/billing codes. The present study examined the concordance bet
PMID 26922159

Approach bias modification in inpatient psychiatric smokers.

Machulska A1, Zlomuzica A1, Rinck M2, Assion HJ3, Margraf J4.
Journal of psychiatric research.J Psychiatr Res.2016 May;76:44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.015. Epub 2015 Dec 13.
Drug-related automatic approach tendencies contribute to the development and maintenance of addictive behavior. The present study investigated whether a nicotine-related approach bias can be modified in smokers undergoing inpatient psychiatric treatment by using a novel training variant of the nicot
PMID 26874269

Methamphetamine-, d-Amphetamine-, and p-Chloroamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity Differentially Effect Impulsive Responding on the Stop-Signal Task in Rats.

Furlong TM1, Leavitt LS2, Keefe KA2, Son JH2.
Neurotoxicity research.Neurotox Res.2016 May;29(4):569-82. doi: 10.1007/s12640-016-9605-9. Epub 2016 Feb 4.
Abused amphetamines, such as d-amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH), are highly addictive and destructive to health and productive lifestyles. The abuse of these drugs is associated with impulsive behavior, which is likely to contribute to addiction. The amphetamines also differentially dam
PMID 26846719

Japanese Journal

Reduced Locomotor Sensitization Induced by Methamphetamine and Altered Gene Expression in ICER Overexpressing Mice

HAN Wenhua,TAKAMATSU Yukio,KASAI Shinya,ENDO Shogo,SHIRAO Tomoaki,KOJIMA Nobuhiko,IKEDA Kazutaka
日本神経精神薬理学雑誌 = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 31(2), 79-80, 2011-04-25
NAID 10029094136

Behavioral and Rewarding Effects of Methylone, an Analog of MDMA in Mice

Miyazawa Maki,Kojima Takashi,Nakaji Shigeyuki
弘前醫學 62(1), 56-71, 2011-00-00
… The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxicity and addictive effects of methylone. … Methylone causes a similar qualitative behavioral effect as MAP, however not the same stereotyped behavior as MDMA. … It is therefore suggested that methylone has psychoactive effects and can be considered as an addictive drug. …
NAID 110008425092