関: ATF2

WordNet

be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA
a sound or television recording (e.g., from a broadcast to a tape recording)
something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation (同)written text
causing motion or action or change (同)actuating

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
〈U〉(…を)書き写す(書き直す)こと,(…の)転写,謄写《+of+名》 / 〈C〉写し(書き直し)[たもの] / 〈U〉〈C〉編曲[されたもの] / 〈U〉〈C〉(ラジオ・テレビの)録音(録画)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/30 15:51:47」(JST)

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Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.^[1]

Function

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.^[1]

The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.^[2] The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.^[3] ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK.^[4] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.^[5]

Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.^[6]^[7] ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein^[8] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells. ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (Serine 472 and 480 in mouse; Serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks. Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.

ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.^[9]

Interactions

Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with

C-jun,^[10]^[11]^[12]
Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,^[13]
CREB binding protein,^[14]
CSNK2A2,^[13]
JDP2,^[15]
MAPK14,^[16]^[17]^[18]
MAPK8,^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3^[20]
NCOA6,^[21]
RUVBL2,^[22]
UBE2I.^[23]

References

^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2".
^ Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32". Genomics 10 (4): 1103–4. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6. PMID 1833307.
^ Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B, Fries JW, Mori R, Maniwa S et al. (1996). "Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2-deficient mice". Nature 379 (6562): 262–5. doi:10.1038/379262a0. PMID 8538792.
^ Gupta S, Campbell D, Dérijard B, Davis RJ (1995). "Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway". Science 267 (5196): 389–93. doi:10.1126/science.7824938. PMID 7824938.
^ Yamasaki T, Takahashi A, Pan J, Yamaguchi N, Yokoyama KK (March 2009). "Phosphorylation of Activation Transcription Factor-2 at Serine 121 by Protein Kinase C Controls c-Jun-mediated Activation of Transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (13): 8567–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808719200. PMC 2659215. PMID 19176525.
^ Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M (2005). "Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment". J. Cell. Biochem. 94 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1002/jcb.20296. PMID 15523674.
^ Papassava P, Gorgoulis VG, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V (2004). "Overexpression of activating transcription factor-2 is required for tumor growth and progression in mouse skin tumors". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8573–84. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0955. PMID 15574764.
^ Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V (17 March 2008). "The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis". Bioessays 30 (4): 314–27. doi:10.1002/bies.20734. PMID 18348191.
^ Bhoumik A, Takahashi S, Breitweiser W, Shiloh Y, Jones N, Ronai Z (May 2005). "ATM-dependent phosphorylation of ATF2 is required for the DNA damage response". Mol. Cell 18 (5): 577–87. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.015. PMC 2954254. PMID 15916964.
^ Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G (July 1994). "Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene". J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 (1): 27–35. PMID 8027667.
^ Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH (April 1990). "A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (4): 1347–57. PMC 362236. PMID 2320002.
^ Hai T, Curran T (May 1991). "Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3720–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.3720. PMC 51524. PMID 1827203.
^ ^a ^b Yamaguchi Y, Wada T, Suzuki F, Takagi T, Hasegawa J, Handa H (August 1998). "Casein kinase II interacts with the bZIP domains of several transcription factors". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (16): 3854–61. doi:10.1093/nar/26.16.3854. PMC 147779. PMID 9685505.
^ Sano Y, Tokitou F, Dai P, Maekawa T, Yamamoto T, Ishii S (October 1998). "CBP alleviates the intramolecular inhibition of ATF-2 function". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (44): 29098–105. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.29098. PMID 9786917.
^ Murata T, Shinozuka Y, Obata Y, Yokoyama KK (May 2008). "Phosphorylation of two eukaryotic transcription factors, Jun dimerization protein 2 and activation transcription factor 2, in Escherichia coli by Jun N-terminal kinase 1". Anal. Biochem. 376 (1): 115–21. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.038. PMID 18307971.
^ ^a ^b Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch RJ et al. (March 1995). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13): 7420–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7420. PMID 7535770.
^ ^a ^b Chen Z, Cobb MH (May 2001). "Regulation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by TAO2". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19): 16070–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100681200. PMID 11279118.
^ ^a ^b Tournier C, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Barrett T, Davis RJ (July 1997). "Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (14): 7337–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7337. PMC 23822. PMID 9207092.
^ Fuchs SY, Xie B, Adler V, Fried VA, Davis RJ, Ronai Z (December 1997). "c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases target the ubiquitination of their associated transcription factors". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (51): 32163–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.51.32163. PMID 9405416.
^ Sano Y, Harada J, Tashiro S, Gotoh-Mandeville R, Maekawa T, Ishii S (March 1999). "ATF-2 is a common nuclear target of Smad and TAK1 pathways in transforming growth factor-beta signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8949–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8949. PMID 10085140.
^ Hong S, Choi HM, Park MJ, Kim YH, Choi YH, Kim HH et al. (April 2004). "Activation and interaction of ATF2 with the coactivator ASC-2 are responsive for granulocytic differentiation by retinoic acid". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (17): 16996–7003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311752200. PMID 14734562.
^ Cho SG, Bhoumik A, Broday L, Ivanov V, Rosenstein B, Ronai Z (December 2001). "TIP49b, a regulator of activating transcription factor 2 response to stress and DNA damage". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (24): 8398–413. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.24.8398-8413.2001. PMC 100004. PMID 11713276.
^ Firestein R, Feuerstein N (March 1998). "Association of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in regulation of ATF2 in T cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (10): 5892–902. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5892. PMID 9488727.

UpToDate Contents

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「転写因子ATF2」

Activating transcription factor 2
	PDB rendering based on 1bhi.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1BHI, 1T2K, 4H36
Identifiers
Symbols	ATF2 ; CRE-BP1; CREB-2; CREB2; HB16; TREB7
External IDs	OMIM: 123811 MGI: 109349 HomoloGene: 31061 GeneCards: ATF2 Gene
EC number	2.3.1.48
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding; • RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding; • RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity; • RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription; • RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding; • enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding; • RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription; • chromatin binding; • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • transcription coactivator activity; • histone acetyltransferase activity; • protein binding; • cAMP response element binding protein binding; • protein kinase binding; • cAMP response element binding; • metal ion binding; • protein heterodimerization activity;
Cellular component	• nucleus; • nucleoplasm; • cytoplasm; • mitochondrial outer membrane; • site of double-strand break;
Biological process	• toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • outflow tract morphogenesis; • chromatin organization; • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • response to osmotic stress; • cellular response to DNA damage stimulus; • histone acetylation; • intra-S DNA damage checkpoint; • positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production; • toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway; • TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway; • toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway; • innate immune response; • fat cell differentiation; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • stress-activated MAPK cascade; • adipose tissue development; • positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	v; t; e;