出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/03/02 09:20:29」(JST)
この項目では、遭難信号について説明しています。その他の用法については「SOS (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 |
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SOSのモールス信号音
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SOS(エスオーエス)とは、世界中で用いられるモールス符号のための遭難信号である。 また一般的には遭難に限らず救助や助けを求める際の合図として使用することもある。
モールス符号の3短点、3長点、3短点(・・・---・・・)の信号で構成される。それぞれ1文字ずつ送信されたならばアルファベットのS O Sと同じになるが、各文字の間に間隙を入れずに続けて送信される(SOSのように上線を引くのは、字間を空けずに送信する符号であることを示す)。すなわち、覚えやすく緊急時にも打ちやすい信号である。“Save Our Souls”(我らを救え)または“Save Our Ship”(我が船を救え)の略といわれるがこれは俗説であり、SOSという文字列自体は何かの略称だったり救難信号以外の意味があるわけではない。
日本では、電波法第52条第1号にある遭難通信(船舶または航空機が重大かつ急迫の危険に陥った場合に遭難信号を前置する方法その他総務省令で定める方法により行う無線通信をいう)に使われる遭難信号として、総務省令 無線局運用規則(以下、「運用規則」と略す)「別表第2号 無線電信通信の略符号」の「2 その他の略符号」の「(1) 国内通信及び国際通信に使用する略符号」に定められている。
この節は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(2012年8月) |
無線通信が実用化された当初の遭難信号はCQD("call to quarters, distress"(全受信局へ、遭難せり)の略)であった。これはマルコーニによって提案され、1904年に採用された。CQは公衆向けの注意の通知であり、Dは"distress"(遭難)を意味する。一般には"come quick, distress"(早く来て、遭難した)の略として認識されていた。しかしCQDは長くは使われなかった。1906年に万国無線電信会議(国際電気通信連合(ITU)の前身の一つ)の第1回ベルリン会議でSOSが採択され、日本は1908年に批准した。審議の際にCQD、アメリカの手旗信号のND、ドイツの一般呼び出しのSOEが候補として挙げられ、聞き取りやすいSOEを採択することとなったが、Eは1短点(・)で聞き落とす恐れがあるため、3短点のS(・・・)に変更したSOSが採択された。なおCQDは、それを最初に使い出したイギリスの通信士の間で、その後数年間使われた。
CQDが初めて使われたのは1909年1月、バルト海における「フロリダ」と「リパブリック(RMS Republic)」の衝突においてである。この信号で乗客1500人が救われた。
SOSを初めて発信したのは1909年6月10日、アゾレス諸島沖で難破した「スラボニア号」である。
SOSは、1912年4月15日、客船タイタニック号が沈没した時にも使用された。SOSが、マルコーニ式電信機を積んだ船の中で初めて使用されたのがこの時である[1]。また、この時は古い遭難信号であるCQDも併せて使用された。
この節は特に記述がない限り、日本国内の法令について解説しています。また最新の法令改正を反映していない場合があります。ご自身が現実に遭遇した事件については法律関連の専門家にご相談ください。免責事項もお読みください。 |
遭難通信、緊急通信、安全通信、非常通信は、電波法第52条第1号から第4号に規定されている。また、通信の方法や略号は運用規則による。
遭難通信、緊急通信、安全通信は、国際的に定められたもので、電波法もこれに準拠している。なお、遭難通信、緊急通信、安全通信は、船舶又は航空機の通信に関係する無線局だけが行うことができる。非常の場合の無線通信(非常通信を含む)は、日本国内のみを対象とする通信であるが、一般的な非常事態に広く適用できる。特に非常通信は、無線局の判断で開始することができ、種々の災害に対してアマチュア無線局の行った非常通信が大きな成果をあげた事例がある。 en
モールス符号による遭難通信の取扱いは1999年で廃止され、航空機や船舶からの遭難信号の発信には、Global Maritime Distress and Safety System(GMDSS)によるEPIRBが使われている。なおモールス符号による通信は、日本では一部の漁業無線や陸上自衛隊の野戦通信、またアマチュア無線で用られている。
無線電話における遭難信号は「メーデー」である( フランス語: m'aider より)。 映画やテレビ番組で、遭難時にマイクに向かって「えすおーえす」と絶叫する場面が出ることがあるが、規定に反するのみならず遭難の事実が伝わらない場合もあるので注意(特に外国局が相手の場合)。
また、SOSは緊急を知らせる言葉として非常に知名度が高いため、今でも民間人の間では遭難や災害の発生時に救助を求める合図として使用される事がある[3]。東日本大震災の際には、食糧や水、負傷者の搬送などを求めるため、避難所となった学校の校庭や屋上などに、上空を飛ぶ飛行機やヘリコプターに見えるように大きくSOSの文字を作っている様子が見受けられた[4][5][6][7]。但し、対空救難信号は、国際民間航空機関(ICAO)により「V」と定められている。
公益財団法人交通エコロジー・モビリティ財団が「SOS」の文字と受話器や押しボタンを組み合わせて、非常電話や非常ボタンを表すピクトグラムを策定しており[8]、車両内や鉄道駅などに表示されている場合がある。
モールス符号のSOSからの派生として、何かの信号を3回ずつ一定間隔で繰り返すことで、救助を求める信号となる(例:笛を3回鳴らす、銃を3回発砲する、石を3個重ねる、3本の棒切れを等間隔に立てる、周辺の物を燃やして3つの煙を等間隔に立てる、三角を描くように飛行する)[9]。
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SOS
SOS in Morse code
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SOS is the international Morse code distress signal (· · · – – – · · ·). This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908. SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999, when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System.[1] SOS is still recognized as a visual distress signal.[2]
The SOS distress signal is a continuous sequence of three dits, three dahs, and three dits, all run together without letter spacing. In International Morse Code, three dits form the letter S, and three dahs make the letter O, so "SOS" became an easy way to remember the order of the dits and dahs. In modern terminology, SOS is a Morse "procedural signal" or "prosign",[3] and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters: SOS.
In popular usage, SOS became associated with such phrases as "Save Our Ship" or "Save Our Souls" or "Send Out Succour". SOS is only one of several ways that the combination could have been written; VTB, for example, would produce exactly the same sound, but SOS was chosen to describe this combination. SOS is the only nine-element signal in Morse code, making it more easily recognizable, as no other symbol uses more than eight elements.
The use of the SOS signal was first introduced in Germany as part of a set of national radio regulations, effective April 1, 1905. These regulations introduced three new Morse code sequences, including the SOS distress signal.
In 1906, at the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention in Berlin, an extensive collection of Service Regulations was developed to supplement the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, becoming effective on July 1, 1908. Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's Notzeichen (distress signal) as the international standard, reading: "Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · – – – · · · repeated at brief intervals". The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been either the Cunard liner RMS Slavonia on June 10, 1909, according to "Notable Achievements of Wireless" in the September, 1910 Modern Electrics, or the steamer SS Arapahoe on August 11, 1909.[4] The signal of the Arapahoe was received by the United Wireless Telegraph Company station at Hatteras, North Carolina, and forwarded to the steamer company's offices.[5] However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators to the adoption of the new signal, and, as late as the April 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls. However, in the interests of consistency and water safety, the use of CQD appears to have died out thereafter.
In both the April 1, 1905, German law, and the 1906 International regulations, the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents. However, in International Morse, three dits comprise the letter S, and three dahs the letter O. It therefore soon became common to refer to the distress signal as "SOS". An early report on "The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention" in the January 12, 1907, Electrical World stated that "Vessels in distress use the special signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals." (In American Morse code, which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century, three dahs stood for the numeral "5", so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as "S5S".)
In contrast to CQD, which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter, the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits and dahs, and not as individual letters. There was no problem as long as operators were aware that "SOS" was technically just a convenient way for remembering the proper sequence of the distress signal's total of nine dits and dahs. In later years, the number of special Morse symbols increased. In order to designate the proper sequence of dits and dahs for a long special symbol, the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters that contain the same dits and dahs in the same order, with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in the transmission.[citation needed] Thus, under the modern notation, the distress signal becomes SOS. (In International Morse Code,[citation needed] VTB, IJS, VGI, and SMB, among others, would also correctly translate into the · · · – – – · · · distress call sequence, but traditionally only SOS is used.)
It has also sometimes been used as a visual distress signal, consisting of three short, three long, and three more short flashes of light, such as from a survival mirror, or with "SOS" spelled out in individual letters (for example, stamped in a snowbank or formed out of logs on a beach). The fact that SOS can be read right side up as well as upside down (as an ambigram) became important for visual recognition if viewed from above.
Additional warning and distress signals followed the introduction of SOS. On January 20, 1914, the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( – – –), three letter Ts (–) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O (– – –), as the "Safety Signal", used for messages to ships "involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character".
With the development of audio radio transmitters, there was a need for a spoken distress phrase, and "Mayday" was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS. For TTT, the equivalent audio signal is "Sécurité" for navigational safety. It is interesting to note that "Mayday" actually originated as the French m'aidez ("help me") and that there is a third, lesser distress call (before securité and after Mayday): "panne" (French for "breakdown"), spelled "pan" in English. French was the international language at the time that these were formalized.
During World War II, additional codes were employed to include immediate details about attacks by enemy vessels, especially in the Battle of the Atlantic. The signal SSS signaled attacked by submarines, while RRR warned of an attack by a surface raider, QQQ warned of an unknown raider (usually an auxiliary cruiser), and AAA indicated an attack by aircraft. They were usually sent in conjunction with the SOS distress code. All of these codes later switched from three repeats of the letter to four repeats, e.g., "RRRR".
None of these signals were used on their own. Sending SOS as well as other warning signals (TTT, XXX etc.) used similar procedures for effectiveness. These were always followed correctly. Here is an example of an SOS signal; the portions in parentheses are an explanation only.
SOS SOS SOS (urgent distress call follows) DE (from) GBTT GBTT GBTT (call sign of the Queen Elizabeth 2 radio room, repeated 3 times) QUEEN ELIZABETH 2 (name of ship) PSN (position is) 49.06.30 N (north), 04.30.20 W (west). (Ship is) ON FIRE, (crew) ABANDONING SHIP AR (end of transmission) K (reply, anyone)
Ships and coastal stations would normally have required quiet times twice an hour to listen for priority signals. However, many merchant vessels carried only one or two radio operators, in which case the SOS may not be heard by operators off duty. Eventually, equipment was invented to summon off-duty operators by ringing an alarm in the operator's berth. This was triggered by the operator of the ship in distress transmitting twelve long dashes of four seconds duration each. These were sent prior to the SOS in the hope of ringing the automatic alarm in ships so equipped. If possible, a short delay was given before transmission of the SOS proper. This was to give those off-watch operators time to get to their radio room.
Look up SOS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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リンク元 | 「受容体チロシンキナーゼ」「セブンレスの息子」「son of sevenless protein」 |
拡張検索 | 「SOS誘導」「SOS response」「SOS機能」 |
関連記事 | 「S」 |
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