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the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)p
a river in western Thailand; a major tributary of the Chao Phraya (同)Ping River

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parking
phosphorusの化学記号

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1. 妊婦の（抗D抗体を除く）不規則抗赤血球同種抗体のマネージメント management of non rhesus d red blood cell alloantibodies during pregnancy
2. 赤血球抗原および抗体 red blood cell antigens and antibodies
3. 抗リボゾームP蛋白抗体 antiribosomal p protein antibodies
4. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）：危険因子およびリスク低減 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk factors and risk reduction
5. Echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve

English Journal

Purinoceptors exert negative inotropic effects on the heart in all major groups of reptiles.

Joyce W1, Gesser H2, Wang T2.Author information 1Zoophysiology, Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. Electronic address: william.joyce@student.manchester.ac.uk.2Zoophysiology, Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.AbstractThe few and fragmentary studies on purinergic regulation of the reptile heart have reached equivocal conclusions. Indeed, unlike fish, amphibians, and mammals, it has been suggested that the turtle heart lacks purinoceptors. Here, we study the effect of adenosine and ATP on isolated heart strips from three species of reptiles: the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), the ball python (Python regius) and the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus). Both adenosine and ATP markedly decreased contractility in atria from all three species. This was attenuated by theophylline, suggesting that the response is mediated by P1 receptors. Ventricles were less sensitive, although high concentrations of the adenyl compounds evoked decreases in contractility. Our study suggests that cardiac purinoceptors are ubiquitous across reptiles, and may play an important and underappreciated role in reptile cardiovascular physiology.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2014 May;171:16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.005. Epub 2014 Feb 9.
The few and fragmentary studies on purinergic regulation of the reptile heart have reached equivocal conclusions. Indeed, unlike fish, amphibians, and mammals, it has been suggested that the turtle heart lacks purinoceptors. Here, we study the effect of adenosine and ATP on isolated heart strips fro
PMID 24521885

Purinergic neuron-glia interactions in sensory systems.

Lohr C1, Grosche A, Reichenbach A, Hirnet D.Author information 1Division of Neurophysiology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany, christian.lohr@uni-hamburg.de.AbstractThe purine adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its breakdown products, ADP and adenosine, act as intercellular messenger molecules throughout the nervous system. While ATP contributes to fast synaptic transmission via activation of ionotropic P2X receptors as well as neuromodulation via metabotropic P2Y receptors, ADP and adenosine only stimulate P2Y and P1 receptors, respectively, thereby adjusting neuronal performance. Often glial cells are recipient as well as source for extracellular ATP. Hence, purinergic neuron-glia signalling contributes bidirectionally to information processing in the nervous system, including sensory organs and brain areas computing sensory information. In this review, we summarize recent data of purinergic neuron-glia communication in two sensory systems, the visual and the olfactory systems. In both retina and olfactory bulb, ATP is released by neurons and evokes Ca2+ transients in glial cells, viz. Müller cells, astrocytes and olfactory ensheathing cells. Glial Ca2+ signalling, in turn, affects homeostasis of the nervous tissue such as volume regulation and control of blood flow. In addition, 'gliotransmitter' release upon Ca2+ signalling-evoked by purinoceptor activation-modulates neuronal activity, thus contributing to the processing of sensory information.
Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology.Pflugers Arch.2014 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print]
The purine adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its breakdown products, ADP and adenosine, act as intercellular messenger molecules throughout the nervous system. While ATP contributes to fast synaptic transmission via activation of ionotropic P2X receptors as well as neuromodulation via metabotropic
PMID 24705940

G protein-coupled receptors and adipogenesis: a focus on adenosine receptors.

Eisenstein A1, Ravid K.Author information 1Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.AbstractG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that coordinate extracellular signals to produce physiologic outcomes. Adenosine receptors (AR) are one class of GPCRs that have been shown to regulate functions as diverse as inflammation, blood flow, and cellular differentiation. Adenosine signals through four GPCRs that either inhibit (A1AR and A3AR) or activate (A2aAR and A2bAR) adenylyl cyclase. This review will focus on the role of GPCRs, and in particular, adenosine receptors, in adipogenesis. Preadipocytes differentiate to mature adipocytes as the adipose tissue expands to compensate for the consumption of excess nutrients. These newly generated adipocytes contribute to maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Understanding the key drivers of this differentiation process can aid the development of therapeutics to combat the growing obesity epidemic and associated metabolic consequences. Although much literature has covered the transcriptional events that culminate in the formation of an adipocyte, less focus has been on receptor-mediated extracellular signals that direct this process. This review will highlight GPCRs and their downstream messengers as significant players controlling adipocyte differentiation.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Apr;229(4):414-21. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24473.
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that coordinate extracellular signals to produce physiologic outcomes. Adenosine receptors (AR) are one class of GPCRs that have been shown to regulate functions as diverse as inflammation, blood flow, and cellular differentiation. A
PMID 24114647