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restriction imposed by the government on documents or weapons that are available only to certain authorized people
a group of people or things arranged by class or category (同)categorization, categorisation
the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories (同)categorization, categorisation, sorting

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〈U〉〈C〉分類[作業];分類法;分類結果 / 〈U〉(生物学上の)分類

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/27 00:57:36」(JST)

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Lancefield grouping is a method of grouping catalase-negative, coagulase-negative bacteria based on the carbohydrate composition of bacterial antigens found on their cell walls.^[1] The system, created by Rebecca Lancefield, was historically used to organize the various members of the family Streptococcaceae, which includes the genera Lactococcus and Streptococcus, but now is largely superfluous due to explosive growth in the number of streptococcal species identified since the 1970s.^[2] As of 2016, Lancefield designations are often used to communicate medical microbiological results in the United States. Enterococcus, formerly known as Group D Streptococcus, was believed to be a member of the genus Streptococcus until 1984, after the Lancefield criteria were devised, and so were included in the original Lancefield grouping.^[3] Many - but not all - species of streptococcus are beta-hemolytic. Notably, Enterococcus and Streptococcus bovis (Lancefield Group D) are not beta-hemolytic.^[4] Though there are many groups of streptococcus, only five are known to commonly cause disease in immune-competent human beings: Group A, Group B, both members of Group D, and two groups that lack the Lancefield carbohydrate antigen: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Viridans streptococci.^[5]

Classification

Group A - Streptococcus pyogenes
Group B - Streptococcus agalactiae
Group C - Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Group D -Enterococcus faecalis", Enterococcus faecium, "Enterococcus durans and "Streptococcus bovis
Group E - 'Enterococci
Group F,G&L - Streptococcus anginosus
Group H - Streptococcus sanguis
Group K - Streptococcus salivarius
Group L - Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Group M&O - Streptococcus mitior
Group N - Lactococcus lactis
Group R&S - Streptococcus suis
other Streptococcus species are classified as 'non-Lancefield Streptococci'

References

^ Todar, Kenneth. "Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the Gonococcus, and Gonorrhea.". Lectures in Microbiology. 2009.
^ Isenberg, Henry D. 1992. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology.
^ Lancefield RC (1933). "A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci.". J Exp Med. 57 (4): 571–95. doi:10.1084/jem.57.4.571. PMC 2132252. PMID 19870148.
^ Priloska, G. "Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from urine samples.".
^ Isenberg, H. D., & American Society for Microbiology. (1992). Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Washington, D.C: American Society of Microbiology.

UpToDate Contents

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1. A群レンサ球菌：病原性因子および発症機序 group a streptococcus virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms
2. C群およびG群レンサ球菌感染症 group c and group g streptococcal infection
3. 細菌検査室におけるグラム染色および培養結果に対するアプローチ approach to gram stain and culture results in the microbiology laboratory
4. B群レンサ球菌：病原性因子および発症機序 group b streptococcus virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms
5. B群レンサ球菌感染症予防のための予防接種 vaccines for the prevention of group b streptococcal disease

English Journal

Prevalence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus in a sample of healthy dogs, cats and horses.

Acke E1, Midwinter AC, Lawrence K, Gordon SJ, Moore S, Rasiah I, Steward K, French N, Waller A.
New Zealand veterinary journal.N Z Vet J.2015 Sep;63(5):265-71. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1016133. Epub 2015 Jun 18.
AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of β-haemolytic Lancefield group C streptococci in healthy dogs, cats and horses; to determine if frequent contact with horses was associated with isolation of these species from dogs and cats; and to characterise recovered S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates by m
PMID 25695401

A fishy tale: a man with empyema caused by Streptococcus halichoeri.

Foo RM1, Chan D.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2014 Feb;52(2):681-2. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03055-13. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
In 2004, veterinary laboratories in the United Kingdom reported a novel Lancefield group B streptococcus, Streptococcus halichoeri, in seals. We report a case of Streptococcus halichoeri causing postoperative empyema in a patient. A search of the literature revealed that this is the first case of S.
PMID 24478513

Enterococcus diestrammenae sp. nov., isolated from the gut of Diestrammena coreana.

Kim JY1, Shin NR, Na HK, Hyun DW, Whon TW, Kim PS, Yun JH, Bae JW.
International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.2013 Dec;63(Pt 12):4540-5. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.050062-0. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
A novel Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and lactic-acid-producing bacterium, designated strain ORL-24(T), was isolated from the gut of the camel cricket, Diestrammena coreana. Optimal growth occurred at 37 °C, pH 8 and with 0 % (w/v) NaCl. The ratio of l-lactate to d-lact
PMID 23907226

Japanese Journal

Extension of the Lancefield classification for group A streptococci by addition of 22 new M protein gene sequence types from clinical isolates ; emm103 to emm 124

FACKLAM R. F.
Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 28-38, 2002
NAID 30017521388

Serological Properties of Abiotrophia and Granulicatella Species (Nutritionally Variant Streptococci)

Kitada Katsuhiro,Okada Yasuko,Kanamoto Taisei,Inoue Masakazu
MICROBIOLOGY and IMMUNOLOGY 44(12), 981-985, 2000
… Rabbits were immunized with whole cells of 12 selected strains and 10 typing antisera were obtained, which were unreactive with the Lancefield group A to G antigen preparations. … would be helpful in the identification and classification of these unique coccal isolates in ecological and epidemiological studies. …
NAID 130003484807

Streptococcus属菌種の分類の現状

河村好章
日本細菌学雑誌 53(3), 493-507, 1998-08-25
… Streptococcus 属は, 人および動物に様々な疾患を起こさせる菌種を含み臨床細菌学上重要な属であるが, 溶血性および Lancefield により確立された血清学的分類法を重要視する余り詳細な生化学性状データによる分類や遺伝子レベルでの分類の見直しが著しく遅れていた。 …
NAID 10005894547