WordNet

a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)l

PrepTutorEJDIC

=sense organ / 受信装置
lira(イタリアの貨幣単位リラ)
lethal dose(薬の)最小致死量

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/06 17:58:32」(JST)

wiki en

The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide)^[1] that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich LDL. It is a cell-surface receptor that recognizes the apoprotein B100, which is embedded in the outer phospholipid layer of LDL particles. The receptor also recognizes the apoE protein found in chylomicron remnants and VLDL remnants (IDL). In humans, the LDL receptor protein is encoded by the LDLR gene.^[2]^[3] It belongs to the Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family.^[4]

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein were awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their identification of the Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor^[5] and its relation to cholesterol metabolism and familial hypercholesterolemia.^[6]

Clinical significance

LDL is directly involved in the development of atherosclerosis, due to accumulation of LDL-cholesterol in the blood. Atherosclerosis is the process responsible for the majority of cardiovascular diseases.

Hyperthyroidism may be associated with hypocholesterolaemia via upregulation of the LDL receptor, and hypothyroidism with the converse

Function

LDL receptor complexes are present in clathrin-coated pits (or buds) on the cell surface, which when bound to LDL-cholesterol via adaptin, are pinched off to form clathrin-coated vesicles inside the cell. This allows LDL-cholesterol to be bound and internalized in a process known as endocytosis and prevents the LDL just diffusing around the membrane surface. This occurs in all nucleated cells (not erythrocytes), but mainly in the liver which removes ~70% of LDL from the circulation.

Once the coated vesicle is internalized it will shed its clathrin coat and will fuse with an acidic late endosome. The change in pH causes a conformational change in the receptor that releases the bound LDL particle. The receptors are then either destroyed or they can be recycled via the endocytic cycle back to the surface of the cell where the neutral pH will cause the receptor to revert to its native conformation ready to receive another LDL particle.

Synthesis of receptors in the cell is regulated by the level of free intracellular cholesterol; if it is in excess for the needs of the cell then the transcription of the receptor gene will be inhibited. LDL receptors are translated by ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum and are modified by the Golgi apparatus before travelling in vesicles to the cell surface.

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. ^{[§ 1]}

[[File:

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

[[

]]

|{{{bSize}}}px|alt=Statin Pathway edit]]

File:StatinPathway_WP430.png

Statin Pathway edit

^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "Statin_Pathway_WP430".

Structure

Gene

The gene coding the LDL receptor is split into 18 exons. Exon 1 contains a signal sequence that localises the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to the cell surface. Beyond this, exons 2-6 code the ligand binding region; 7-14 code the EGF domain; 15 codes the oligosaccharide rich region; 16 (and some of 17) code the membrane spanning region; and 18 (with the rest of 17) code the cytosolic domain. The LDL receptor can be described as a chimeric protein. It is made up of a number of functionally distinct domains that can function independently of each other.

Protein

^[7]^[8]^[9]

The N-terminal domain of the LDL receptor, which is responsible for ligand binding, is composed of seven sequence repeats (~50% identical). Each repeat, referred to as a class A repeat or LDL-A, contains roughly 40 amino acids, including 6 cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds within the repeat. Additionally, each repeat has highly conserved acidic residues which it uses to coordinate a single calcium ion in an octahedral lattice. Both the disulfide bonds and calcium coordination are necessary for the structural integrity of the domain during the receptor's repeated trips to the highly acidic interior of the endosome. The exact mechanism of interaction between the class A repeats and ligand (LDL) is unknown, but it is thought that the repeats act as "grabbers" to hold the LDL. Binding of ApoB requires repeats 2-7 while binding ApoE requires only repeat 5 (thought to be the ancestral repeat).

Next to the ligand binding domain is an epidermal growth factor (EGF) precursor homology domain (EGFP domain). This shows approximately 30% homology with the EGF precursor gene. There are three "growth factor" repeats; A, B and C. A and B are closely linked while C is separated by the YWTD repeat region, which adopts a beta-propeller conformation (LDL-R class B domain). It is thought that this region is responsible for the pH-dependent conformational shift that causes bound LDL to be released in the endosome.

A third domain of the protein is rich in O-linked oligosaccharides but appears to show little function. Knockout experiments have confirmed that no significant loss of activity occurs without this domain. It has been speculated that the domain may have ancestrally acted as a spacer to push the receptor beyond the extracellular matrix.

The single transmembrane domain of 22 (mostly) non-polar residues crosses the plasma membrane in a single alpha helix.

The cytosolic C-terminal domain contains ~50 amino acids, including a signal sequence important for localizing the receptors to clathrin-coated pits and for triggering receptor-mediated endocytosis after binding. Portions of the cytosolic sequence have been found in other lipoprotein receptors, as well as in more distant receptor relatives.

Mutations

Mutations in the gene encoding the LDL receptor are known to cause familial hypercholesterolaemia.

There are 5 broad classes of mutation of the LDL receptor.^[10]

Class 1 mutations affect the synthesis of the receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Class 2 mutations prevent proper transport to the Golgi body needed for modifications to the receptor.
- e.g. a truncation of the receptor protein at residue number 660 leads to domains 3,4 and 5 of the EGF precursor domain being missing. This precludes the movement of the receptor from the ER to the Golgi, and leads to degradation of the receptor protein.
Class 3 mutations stop the binding of LDL to the receptor.
- e.g. repeat 6 of the ligand binding domain (N-terminal, extracellular fluid) is deleted.
Class 4 mutations inhibit the internalisation of the receptor-ligand complex.
- e.g. "JD" mutant results from a single point mutation in the NPVY domain (C-terminal, cytosolic; Y residue converted to a C, residue number 807). This domain recruits clathrin and other proteins responsible for the endocytosis of LDL, therefore this mutation inhibits LDL internalization.
Class 5 mutations give rise to receptors that cannot recycle properly. This leads to a relatively mild phenotype as receptors are still present on the cell surface (but all must be newly synthesised).

References

^ Südhof TC, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Russell DW (May 1985). "The LDL receptor gene: a mosaic of exons shared with different proteins". Science 228 (4701): 815–22. doi:10.1126/science.2988123. PMID 2988123.
^ Francke U, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1984). "Assignment of the human gene for the low density lipoprotein receptor to chromosome 19: synteny of a receptor, a ligand, and a genetic disease". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (9): 2826–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.9.2826. PMC 345163. PMID 6326146.
^ Lindgren V, Luskey KL, Russell DW, Francke U (December 1985). "Human genes involved in cholesterol metabolism: chromosomal mapping of the loci for the low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase with cDNA probes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (24): 8567–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.24.8567. PMC 390958. PMID 3866240.
^ Nykjaer A, Willnow TE (June 2002). "The low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family: a cellular Swiss army knife?". Trends Cell Biol. 12 (6): 273–80. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(02)02282-1. PMID 12074887.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985" (Press release). The Royal Swedish Academy of Science. 1985. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
^ Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1984). "How LDL Receptors Influence Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis". Scientific American 251 (3): 52–60. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0984-52. PMID 6390676.
^ Yamamoto T, Davis CG, Brown MS, Schneider WJ, Casey ML, Goldstein JL, Russell DW (November 1984). "The human LDL receptor: a cysteine-rich protein with multiple Alu sequences in its mRNA". Cell 39 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90188-0. PMID 6091915.
^ Brown M, Herz J, Goldstein J (August 1997). "LDL-receptor structure: Calcium cages, acid baths and recycling receptors". Nature 388: 629–30. doi:10.1038/41672.
^ Gent J, Braakman I (October 2004). "Low-density lipoprotein receptor structure and folding". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (19-20): 2461–70. doi:10.1007/s00018-004-4090-3. PMID 15526154.
^ "Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor". LOVD v.1.1.0 - Leiden Open Variation Database.

External links

Description of LDL receptor pathway at the Brown - Goldstein Laboratory webpage
LDL Receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. リポ蛋白の分類、代謝、およびアテローム性動脈硬化症における役割 lipoprotein classification metabolism and role in atherosclerosis
2. LDLコレステロール代謝の主要な障害 primary disorders of ldl cholesterol metabolism
3. アテローム性動脈硬化症の病因 pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
4. 心血管疾患の危険因子の概要 overview of the possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease
5. 線溶マーカーおよび心血管リスク fibrinolytic markers and cardiovascular risk

English Journal

Poor maternal nutrition programmes a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in ApoE-/- mice.

Blackmore HL, Piekarz AV, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Mercer JR, Figg N, Bennett M, Ozanne SE.Source*Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2012 Aug 1;123(4):251-7.
Numerous animal studies have consistently shown that early life exposure to LP (low-protein) diet programmes risk factors for CVD (cardiovascular disease) such as dyslipidaemia, high BP (blood pressure) and cardiac dysfunction in the offspring. However, studies on the effect of maternal under-nutrit
PMID 22375564

Regulation of plasma cholesterol esterification by sphingomyelin: Effect of physiological variations of plasma sphingomyelin on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity.

Subbaiah PV, Jiang XC, Belikova NA, Aizezi B, Huang ZH, Reardon CA.SourceDepartment of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2012 Jun;1821(6):908-13. Epub 2012 Feb 18.
Although sphingomyelin (SM) is the most abundant phospholipid in the plasma, next to phosphatidylcholine (PC), its physiological function in plasma is unclear. Here we employed plasma from various genetic models of mice which naturally differ in their plasma SM/PC ratios, to study the role of SM as
PMID 22370449

Japanese Journal

変性LDLのヒトでの役割とそのLOX-1を介したシグナル伝達

日本薬理学雑誌 147(2), 107-113, 2016
NAID 130005125650

Lipoprotein(a) in Familial Hypercholesterolemia With Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (<i>PCSK9</i>) Gain-of-Function Mutations

Circulation Journal 80(2), 512-518, 2016
NAID 130005120923

Effect of Statin Therapy in 4-Year-Old Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Showing Multiple Xanthomas

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 23(1), 112-117, 2016
NAID 130005118660

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「LDL受容体」
拡張検索	「LDL-receptor related protein 1」「LDL-receptor related protein 2」「oxidized LDL receptor」
関連記事	「LDL」「LD」「L」

「LDL受容体」

Low density lipoprotein receptor
	PDB rendering based on 1ajj.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1AJJ, 1D2J, 1F5Y, 1F8Z, 1HJ7, 1HZ8, 1I0U, 1IJQ, 1LDL, 1LDR, 1LRX, 1N7D, 1XFE, 2FCW, 2KRI, 2LGP, 2M7P, 2MG9, 2W2M, 2W2N, 2W2O, 2W2P, 2W2Q, 3BPS, 3GCW, 3GCX, 3M0C, 3P5B, 3P5C, 3SO6, 4NE9
Identifiers
Symbols	LDLR ; FH; FHC; LDLCQ2
External IDs	OMIM: 606945 MGI: 96765 HomoloGene: 55469 ChEMBL: 3311 GeneCards: LDLR Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• glycoprotein binding; • low-density lipoprotein receptor activity; • calcium ion binding; • protein binding; • low-density lipoprotein particle binding; • very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity; • clathrin heavy chain binding;
Cellular component	• lysosome; • early endosome; • late endosome; • Golgi apparatus; • plasma membrane; • integral component of plasma membrane; • coated pit; • external side of plasma membrane; • cell surface; • endosome membrane; • membrane; • basolateral plasma membrane; • clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane; • low-density lipoprotein particle; • receptor complex; • apical part of cell; • PCSK9-LDLR complex;
Biological process	• retinoid metabolic process; • lipid metabolic process; • endocytosis; • receptor-mediated endocytosis; • phototransduction, visible light; • cholesterol metabolic process; • positive regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process; • regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process; • phospholipid transport; • viral process; • intestinal cholesterol absorption; • cholesterol transport; • low-density lipoprotein particle clearance; • lipoprotein metabolic process; • lipoprotein catabolic process; • cholesterol homeostasis; • small molecule metabolic process; • cholesterol import; • regulation of cholesterol homeostasis;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	v; t; e;