WordNet

an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area (同)wood, woods
land that is covered with trees and shrubs (同)woodland, timberland, timber
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
〈C〉〈U〉(広い地域にわたる)『森林』,山林 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(…の)林《+『of』+『名』》
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/26 00:44:25」(JST)

wiki en

Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to South Asia.^[1] The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae, which also includes yellow fever and dengue fever.

History[edit]

The disease was first reported from Kyasanur Forest of Karnataka in India in March 1957. The disease first manifested as an epizootic outbreak among monkeys killing several of them in the year 1957. Hence the disease is also locally known as Monkey Disease or Monkey Fever.^[2] The similarity with Russian Spring-summer encephalitis was noted and the possibility of migratory birds carrying the disease was raised.^[3] Studies began to look for the possible species that acted as reservoirs for the virus and the agents responsible for transmission. Subsequent studies failed to find any involvement of migratory birds although the possibility of their role in initial establishment was not ruled out. The virus was found to be quite distinctive and not closely related to the Russian virus strains. Antigenic relatedness is however close to many other strains including the Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF) and birds from Siberia have been found to show an antigenic response to KFD virus. Sequence based studies however note the distinctivenss of OHF.^[4] Early studies in India were conducted in collaboration with the US Army Medical Research Unit and this led to controversy and conspiracy theories.^[5]^[6]

Subsequent studies based on sequencing found that the Alkhurma virus, found in Saudi Arabia is closely related.^[7] In 1989 a patient in Nanjianin, China was found with fever symptoms and in 2009 its viral gene sequence was found to exactly match with that of the KFD reference virus of 1957. This has however been questioned since the Indian virus shows variations in sequence over time and the exact match with the virus sequence of 1957 and the Chinese virus of 1989 is not expected. This study also found using immune response tests that birds and humans in the region appeared to have been exposed to the virus.^[8] Another study has suggested that the virus is recent in origin dating the nearest common ancestor of it and related viruses to around 1942, based on the estimated rate of sequence substitutions. The study also raises the possibility of bird involvement in long-distance transfer.^[9] It appears that these viruses diverged 700 years ago.^[10]

Transmission[edit]

There are a variety of animals thought to be reservoir hosts for the disease, including porcupines, rats, squirrels, mice and shrews.^[11] The vector for disease transmission is Haemaphysalis spinigera, a forest tick. Humans contract infection from the bite of nymphs of the tick.

Presentation[edit]

The disease has a morbidity rate of 2-10%, and affects 100-500 people annually.^[1]

The symptoms of the disease include a high fever with frontal headaches, followed by haemorrhagic symptoms, such as bleeding from the nasal cavity, throat, and gums, as well as gastrointestinal bleeding.^[11]

An affected person may recover in two weeks time, but the convalescent period is typically very long, lasting for several months. There will be muscle aches and weakness during this period and the affected person is unable to engage in physical activities.

Prevention and treatment[edit]

Prophylaxis by vaccination, as well as preventive measures like protective clothing, tick control, and mosquito control are advised. An attenuated live vaccine is now available. Specific treatments are not available.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b EA Gould; T Solomon (February 9, 2008). "Pathogenic flaviviruses". The Lancet 371 (961): 500–509. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 18262042.
^ Nichter, Mark (1987). "Kyasanur Forest Disease: An Ethnography of a Disease of Development". Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series 1 (4): 406–423.
^ Work, Telford H.; Roderiguez, FR; Bhatt, PN (1959). "Virological Epidemiology of the 1958 Epidemic of Kyasanur Forest Disease". American Journal of Public Health 49 (7): 869–874. doi:10.2105/AJPH.49.7.869. PMC 1372906. PMID 13661478.
^ Lin D, Li L, Dick D, Shope RE, Feldmann H, Barrett AD, Holbrook MR (2003). "Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". Virology 313 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0. PMID 12951023.
^ Harry Hoogstraal, Makram N. Kaiser, Melvin A. Traylor, Ezzat Guindy, and Sobhy Gaber (1963). "Ticks (Ixodidae) on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa, 1959-61". Bulletin World Health Organ. 28 (2): 235–262. PMC 2554471. PMID 13961632.
^ Lewis, Michael (2002). "Scientists or Spies? Ecology in a Climate of Cold War Suspicion". Economic and Political Weekly 37 (24): 2324–2332.
^ Charrel RN, Zaki AM, Attoui H, Fakeeh M, Billoir F, Yousef AI, de Chesse R, De Micco P, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X. (2001). "Complete coding sequence of the Alkhurma virus, a tick-borne flavivirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans in Saudi Arabia". Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun. 287 (2): 455–61. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5610. PMID 11554750.
^ Jinglin Wang, Hailin Zhang, Shihong Fu, Huanyu Wang, Daxin Ni, Roger Nasci, Qing Tang, and Guodong Liang (2009). "Isolation of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus from Febrile Patient, Yunnan, China". Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15 (2): 326–328. doi:10.3201/eid1502.080979. PMC 2657630. PMID 19193286.
^ Rajeev Mehla, Sandeep R.P. Kumar, Pragya Yadav, Pradip V. Barde, Prasanna N. Yergolkar, Bobbie R. Erickson, Serena A. Carroll, Akhilesh C. Mishra, Stuart T. Nichol, and Devendra T. Mourya (2009). "Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (9): 1431–1437. doi:10.3201/eid1509.080759. PMC 2819879. PMID 19788811.
^ Dodd KA, Bird BH, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Carroll SA, Comer JA, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Nichol ST (2011) Ancient ancestry of KFDV and AHFV revealed by complete genome analyses of viruses isolated from ticks and mammalian hosts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(10):e1352.
^ ^a ^b Gerhard Dobler (27 January 2010). "Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses". Veterinary Microbiology 140 (3–4, Zoonoses: Advances and Perspectives): 221–228. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.024. ISSN 0378-1135. PMID 19765917.

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English Journal

Tick-borne viruses: A review from the perspective of therapeutic approaches.

Lani R1, Moghaddam E1, Haghani A2, Chang LY1, AbuBakar S1, Zandi K3.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases.Ticks Tick Borne Dis.2014 Sep;5(5):457-465. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.04.001. Epub 2014 May 21.
Several important human diseases worldwide are caused by tick-borne viruses. These diseases have become important public health concerns in recent years. The tick-borne viruses that cause diseases in humans mainly belong to 3 families: Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Reoviridae. In this review, we f
PMID 24907187

Outbreak of Kyasanur Forest disease in Thirthahalli, Karnataka, India, 2014.

Yadav PD1, Shete AM1, Patil DY1, Sandhya VK2, Prakash KS3, Surgihalli R2, Mourya DT4.
International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.Int J Infect Dis.2014 Jul 22. pii: S1201-9712(14)01541-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.013. [Epub ahead of print]
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) was first identified in 1957, when it was isolated from a sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka State, India. Since then it has been reported to be enzootic in five districts of Karnataka State, India. Recent reports of human infections have reached a
PMID 25063021

「キャサヌル森林病」

Kyasanur forest disease virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Order:	Unassigned
Family:	Flaviviridae
Genus:	Flavivirus
Species:	Kyasanur forest disease virus

Kyasanur forest disease
	Classification and external resources
ICD-10	A98.2
ICD-9	065.2
MeSH	D007733

　　[★]

英: Kyasanur forest disease KFD, Kyasanur Forest disease
同: キァサヌール森林病、キャサヌール森林病、Kyasanur森林病
関: 感染症法、ウイルス。キヤサヌル森林熟

[show details]

キャサヌル森林熱 : 約 2,800 件
キャサヌル森林病 : 約 43,500 件
キャサヌール森林病 : 約 126,000 件
キァサヌール森林病 : 28 件

四類感染症
フラビウイルス科フラビウイルス属に属するキャサヌル森林病ウイルスによる感染症
媒介：マダニ
潜伏期間：3～12日
症状：突然の発熱、頭痛、筋肉痛、咳嗽、徐脈、脱水、低血圧、消化器症状、出血

参考

1.

http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/kekkaku-kansenshou11/01-04-09.html

「disease」

　　[★]

n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関: ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

「forest」

　　[★]

n.

森林

関: forestry、tree

[gould-1] EA Gould; T Solomon (February 9, 2008). "Pathogenic flaviviruses". The Lancet 371 (961): 500–509. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 18262042.

[ethno-2] Nichter, Mark (1987). "Kyasanur Forest Disease: An Ethnography of a Disease of Development". Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series 1 (4): 406–423.

[3] Work, Telford H.; Roderiguez, FR; Bhatt, PN (1959). "Virological Epidemiology of the 1958 Epidemic of Kyasanur Forest Disease". American Journal of Public Health 49 (7): 869–874. doi:10.2105/AJPH.49.7.869. PMC 1372906. PMID 13661478.

[4] Lin D, Li L, Dick D, Shope RE, Feldmann H, Barrett AD, Holbrook MR (2003). "Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". Virology 313 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0. PMID 12951023.

[5] Harry Hoogstraal, Makram N. Kaiser, Melvin A. Traylor, Ezzat Guindy, and Sobhy Gaber (1963). "Ticks (Ixodidae) on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa, 1959-61". Bulletin World Health Organ. 28 (2): 235–262. PMC 2554471. PMID 13961632.

[6] Lewis, Michael (2002). "Scientists or Spies? Ecology in a Climate of Cold War Suspicion". Economic and Political Weekly 37 (24): 2324–2332.

[7] Charrel RN, Zaki AM, Attoui H, Fakeeh M, Billoir F, Yousef AI, de Chesse R, De Micco P, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X. (2001). "Complete coding sequence of the Alkhurma virus, a tick-borne flavivirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans in Saudi Arabia". Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun. 287 (2): 455–61. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5610. PMID 11554750.

[8] Jinglin Wang, Hailin Zhang, Shihong Fu, Huanyu Wang, Daxin Ni, Roger Nasci, Qing Tang, and Guodong Liang (2009). "Isolation of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus from Febrile Patient, Yunnan, China". Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15 (2): 326–328. doi:10.3201/eid1502.080979. PMC 2657630. PMID 19193286.

[9] Rajeev Mehla, Sandeep R.P. Kumar, Pragya Yadav, Pradip V. Barde, Prasanna N. Yergolkar, Bobbie R. Erickson, Serena A. Carroll, Akhilesh C. Mishra, Stuart T. Nichol, and Devendra T. Mourya (2009). "Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (9): 1431–1437. doi:10.3201/eid1509.080759. PMC 2819879. PMID 19788811.

[Dodd2011-10] Dodd KA, Bird BH, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Carroll SA, Comer JA, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Nichol ST (2011) Ancient ancestry of KFDV and AHFV revealed by complete genome analyses of viruses isolated from ticks and mammalian hosts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(10):e1352.

[dobler-11] Gerhard Dobler (27 January 2010). "Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses". Veterinary Microbiology 140 (3–4, Zoonoses: Advances and Perspectives): 221–228. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.024. ISSN 0378-1135. PMID 19765917.

リンク元	「キャサヌル森林病」
関連記事	「disease」「forest」

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案内

Kyasanur Forest disease