WordNet
- California perennial herb cultivated for its racemose white flowers with widely spreading petals; sometimes placed in genus Tellima (同)Lithophragma affine, Lithophragma affinis, Tellima affinis
- any of several large caribou living in coniferous forests of southern Canada; in some classifications included in the species Rangifer tarandus (同)Rangifer caribou
- hairy Eurasian perennial having deep yellow daisies on lax willowy stems; found in the wild in open woodland and on rocky slopes (同)Buphthalmum salicifolium
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 森林地 / 森の
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/09 13:14:41」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
This article is about the type of forest. For other uses, see Woodland (disambiguation).
Woodland i// is a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. Woodlands may support an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodland may form a transition to shrubland under drier conditions or during early stages of primary or secondary succession. Higher densities and areas of trees, with largely closed canopy, provide extensive and nearly continuous shade and are referred to as forest.
Conservationists have worked hard to preserve woodlands. For example, the woodlands in Northwest Indiana have been preserved as part of the Indiana Dunes.[1][2][3]
Woodland is used in British woodland management to mean tree-covered areas which arose naturally and which are then managed, while forest is usually used in the British Isles to describe plantations, usually more extensive, or hunting Forests, which are a land use with a legal definition and may not be wooded at all.[4] The term Ancient Woodland is used in British nature conservation to refer to any wooded land that has existed since 1600, and often (though not always) for thousands of years, since the last ice age[4] (equivalent to the American term old growth forest).
Woodlot is a closely related American term, which refers to a stand of trees generally used for firewood. While woodlots often technically have closed canopies, they are so small that light penetration from the edge makes them ecologically closer to woodland than forest.
Contents
- 1 Woodland ecoregions
- 1.1 Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
- 1.2 Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
- 1.3 Montane grasslands and shrublands
- 1.4 Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
- 1.5 Deserts and xeric shrublands
- 2 References
- 3 External links
Woodland ecoregions
A woodland ecosystem at Morton Arboretum in Illinois
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
- Afrotropic ecozone
- Angolan Miombo woodlands (Angola)
- Angolan Mopane woodlands (Angola, Namibia)
- Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands (Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia)
- Eastern Miombo woodlands (Mozambique, Tanzania)
- Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
- Zambezian and Mopane woodlands (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe)
- Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands (Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe)
- Neotropic ecozone
- Cerrado woodlands and savannas (Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay)
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
- Afrotropic Ecozone
- Al Hajar Al Gharbi montane woodlands (Oman)
- Palearctic ecozone
- Gissaro-Alai open woodlands (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)
Montane grasslands and shrublands
Limber Pine woodland in the Toiyabe Range of central Nevada
- Afrotropic ecozone
- Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands (Angola)
- Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands (Lesotho, South Africa)
- Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests (Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland)
- East African montane moorlands (Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda)
- Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands (Ethiopia)
- Palearctic ecozone
- Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe (Iran, Turkmenistan)
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Mediterranean eucalypt forest in Australia
- Australasia ecozone
- Coolgardie woodlands (Australia)
- Mount Lofty woodlands (Australia)
- Murray-Darling woodlands and mallee (Australia)
- Naracoorte woodlands (Australia)
- Southwest Australia woodlands (Australia)
- Nearctic ecozone
- California chaparral and woodlands (United States)
- Palearctic ecozone
- Baccanico (berrywood) an area with a high density of all sorts of berry ("berry" in Italian "bacca") trees.
- Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests (Spain)
- Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets (Morocco, Canary Islands (Spain))
- Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia)
- Mediterranean woodlands and forests (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia)
- Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands (Spain)
Deserts and xeric shrublands
- Afrotropic ecozone
- East Saharan montane xeric woodlands (Chad, Sudan)
- Madagascar succulent woodlands (Madagascar)
- Somali montane xeric woodlands (Somalia)
- Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands (Saudi Arabia, Yemen)
- Palearctic ecozone
- Baluchistan xeric woodlands (Afghanistan, Pakistan)
- Central Afghan Mountains xeric woodlands (Afghanistan)
- Central Asian riparian woodlands (Kazakhstan)
- North Saharan steppe and woodlands (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco Tunisia, Western Sahara)
- Paropamisus xeric woodlands (Afghanistan)
- South Saharan steppe and woodlands (Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sudan)
- Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands (Chad, Egypt, Libya, Sudan)
- West Saharan montane xeric woodlands (Algeria, Mali, Mauritania, Niger)
References
- ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 1. http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-1-2006/78-journals/vol-1-2006/117-alice-gray-dorothy-buell-and-naomi-svihla-preservationists-of-ogden-dunes
- ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3. http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-3-2009/83-journals/vol-3-2009/75-the-historical-roots-of-the-nature-conservancy-in-the-northwest-indianachicagoland-region-from-science-to-preservation
- ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2007). The cultural impact of a museum in a small community: The Hour Glass of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 2. http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-2-2007/82-journals/vol-2-2007/104-the-cultural-impact-of-a-museum-in-a-small-community-the-hour-glass-in-ogden-dunes
- ^ a b Rackham, Oliver (2006). Woodlands (New Naturalist 100). London: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780007202447.
External links
- The UK Woodland Trust
- Woodland Bond
|
Biomes and ecozones
|
|
Terrestrial
biomes |
|
Polar/montane
|
- Tundra
- Taiga, Boreal forests
- Montane grasslands and shrublands
|
|
|
Temperate
|
- Coniferous forests
- Broadleaf and mixed forests
- Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
|
|
|
(Sub)tropical
|
- Coniferous forests
- Moist broadleaf forests
- Dry broadleaf forests
- Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
|
|
|
Dry
|
- Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
- Deserts and xeric shrublands
|
|
|
Wet
|
- Flooded grasslands and savannas
- Riparian
- Wetland
|
|
|
Aquatic
biomes |
- Pond
- Littoral
- Intertidal zone
- Mangrove forest
- Kelp forest
- Coral reef
- Neritic zone
- Continental shelf
- Pelagic zone
- Benthic zone
- Hydrothermal vents
- Cold seeps
- Demersal zone
|
|
| Other biomes |
|
|
| Ecozones |
- Afrotropic
- Antarctic
- Australasia
- Holarctic (Nearctic, Palearctic)
- Indomalaya
- Neotropic
- Oceania
|
|
| Other ecological divisions |
- Phytochorion (flora region)
|
|
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Inclusive fitness maximization: An axiomatic approach.
- Okasha S1, Weymark JA2, Bossert W3.
- Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2014 Jun 7;350:24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 Feb 11.
- Kin selection theorists argue that evolution in social contexts will lead organisms to behave as if maximizing their inclusive, as opposed to personal, fitness. The inclusive fitness concept allows biologists to treat organisms as akin to rational agents seeking to maximize a utility function. Here
- PMID 24530825
- Translation of an engineered nanofibrous disc-like angle-ply structure for intervertebral disc replacement in a small animal model.
- Martin JT1, Milby AH2, Chiaro JA2, Kim DH3, Hebela NM2, Smith LJ4, Elliott DM5, Mauck RL6.
- Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2014 Jun;10(6):2473-81. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.024. Epub 2014 Feb 20.
- Intervertebral disc degeneration has been implicated in the etiology of low back pain; however, the current surgical strategies for treating symptomatic disc disease are limited. A variety of materials have been developed to replace disc components, including the nucleus pulposus (NP), the annulus f
- PMID 24560621
- Effects of land use change on soil carbon storage and water consumption in an oasis-desert ecotone.
- Lü Y1, Ma Z, Zhao Z, Sun F, Fu B.
- Environmental management.Environ Manage.2014 Jun;53(6):1066-76. doi: 10.1007/s00267-014-0262-6. Epub 2014 Apr 3.
- Land use and ecosystem services need to be assessed simultaneously to better understand the relevant factors in sustainable land management. This paper analyzed land use changes in the middle reach of the arid Heihe River Basin in northwest China over the last two decades and their impacts on water
- PMID 24696037
Japanese Journal
- The State of Conservation and Management of Old Garcinia Subelliptica Trees : A Case Study in Aguni Island, Okinawa Prefecture
- 海岸林学会誌 = Journal of the Japanese Society of Coastal Forest 15(1), 1-6, 2016-06
- NAID 40020939730
- Kantis: A new Australopithecus site on the shoulders of the Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya
- ドイツの樹木葬墓地にみる新たな森林利用 (平成28年度日本造園学会全国大会研究発表論文集(34))
- ランドスケープ研究 : 日本造園学会誌 : journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 79(5), 537-540, 2016-03
- NAID 40020856019
Related Links
- Woodland is a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. Woodlands may support an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodland may form a transition to shrubland under ...
- World Leader in realistic model scenery for model railroads and architectural layouts, displays, dioramas, gaming, military models, miniatures and more.
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
広く広がる花弁の付くつる状の白い花のために栽培されたカリフォルニアの多年草植物