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inflammation of the thyroid gland

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/22 01:07:31」(JST)

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes, causing primary hypothyroidism. It was the first disease to be recognized as an autoimmune disease.^[1] It was first described by the Japanese specialist Hakaru Hashimoto in a paper published in Germany in 1912.

Signs and symptoms

There are many symptoms that are attributed to Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Hashimoto's disease. The most common symptoms include the following: fatigue, weight gain, pale or puffy face, feeling cold, joint and muscle pain, constipation, dry and thinning hair, heavy menstrual flow or irregular periods, depression, panic disorder, a slowed heart rate, and problems getting pregnant and maintaining pregnancy.

Hashimoto’s disease is about seven times more common in women than in men. It can occur in teens and young women, but more commonly shows up in middle age, particularly for men. People who develop Hashimoto’s disease often have family members who have thyroid or other autoimmune diseases, and sometimes have other autoimmune diseases themselves.^[2]

The thyroid gland may become firm, large, and lobulated in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but changes in the thyroid can also be nonpalpable.^[3] Enlargement of the thyroid is due to lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis rather than tissue hypertrophy. Physiologically, antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) (also called TPOAb) and/or thyroglobulin cause gradual destruction of follicles in the thyroid gland. Accordingly, the disease can be detected clinically by looking for these antibodies in the blood. It is also characterized by invasion of the thyroid tissue by leukocytes, mainly T-lymphocytes. A rare but serious complication is thyroid lymphoma, generally the B-cell type, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.^[4]

Risk factors

A family history of thyroid disorders is common, with the HLA-DR5 gene most strongly implicated conferring a relative risk of 3 in the UK. In addition Hashimoto's thyroiditis may be associated with CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4) gene polymorphisms that result in reduced functioning of the gene's products, which are associated with negative regulation of T-lymphocyte activity.^[5] Downregulatory gene polymorphisms affecting CTLA4 are also associated with autoimmune pathology seen in development of type I diabetes.^[6] The strong genetic component underscoring this theory is borne out in studies on monozygotic twins, with a concordance of 38-55%, with an even higher concordance of circulating thyroid antibodies not in relation to clinical presentation (up to 80% in monozygotic twins). Neither result was seen to a similar degree in dizygotic twins, offering strong favour for high genetic aetiology.^[7]

Preventable environmental factors, including high iodine intake, selenium deficiency, as well as infectious diseases and certain drugs, have been implicated in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease in genetically predisposed individuals.^[8] The genes implicated vary in different ethnic groups and the incidence is increased in patients with chromosomal disorders, including Turner, Down's, and Klinefelter syndromes usually associated with autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase. Progressive depletion of these cells as the cytotoxic immune response develops leads to higher degrees of primary hypothyroidism, presenting with a poverty of T3/T4 levels, and compensatory elevations of TSH.

Recent research suggests a potential role for HHV-6 (possibly variant A) in the development or triggering of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.^[9]

Pathophysiology

There are multiple suggested mechanisms by which the pathology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis develops.

Various autoantibodies may be present against thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and TSH receptors, although a small percentage of patients may have none of these antibodies present. As indicated in various twin studies a percentage of the population may also have these antibodies without developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Nevertheless, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a substantial factor behind the apoptotic fall-out of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ T-cells) in response to cell-mediated immune response affected by helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ T-cells) is central to thyrocyte destruction. As is characteristic of type IV hypersensitivities, recruitment of macrophages is another effect of the helper T-lymphocyte activation, with Th1 axis lymphocytes producing inflammatory cytokines within thyroid tissue to further macrophage activation and migration into the thyroid gland for direct effect.^{[citation needed]}

Gross morphological changes within the thyroid are seen in the general enlargement which is far more locally nodular and irregular than more diffuse patterns (such as that of hyperthyroidism). While the capsule is intact and the gland itself is still distinct from surrounding tissue, microscopic examination can provide a more revealing indication of the level of damage.^[10]

Histologically, the hypersensitivity is seen as diffuse parenchymal infiltration by lymphocytes, particularly plasma B-cells, which can often be seen as secondary lymphoid follicles (germinal centers, not to be confused with the normally present colloid-filled follicles that constitute the thyroid). Atrophy of the colloid bodies is lined by Hürthle cells, cells with intensely eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm, a metaplasia from the normal cuboidal cells that constitute the lining of the thyroid follicles. Severe thyroid atrophy presents often with denser fibrotic bands of collagen that remains within the confines of the thyroid capsule.^[11]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually made by detecting elevated levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in the serum, but seronegative (without circulating autoantibodies) thyroiditis is also possible.^[12]

Given the relatively non-specific symptoms of initial hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is often misdiagnosed as depression, cyclothymia, PMS, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and, less frequently, as ED or an anxiety disorder. On gross examination, there is often presentation of a hard goitre that is not painful to the touch;^[10] other symptoms seen with hypothyroidism, such as periorbital myxedema, depend on the current state of progression of the response, especially given the usually gradual development of clinically relevant hypothyroidism. Testing for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, and the anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO, or TPOAb) and anti-microsomal antibodies can help obtain an accurate diagnosis.^[13] Earlier assessment of the patient may present with elevated levels of thyroglobulin owing to transient thyrotoxicosis, as inflammation within the thyroid causes damage to the integrity of thyroid follicle storage of thyroglobulin; TSH is increased as the pituitary tries to compensate for decreased T4 .^{[citation needed]}

Ultrasound imaging of the thyroid gland (right lobe longitudinal) in patient with Hashimoto Thyroiditis.

This exposure of the body to substantial amounts of previously isolated thyroid enzymes is thought to contribute to the exacerbation of tolerance breakdown, giving rise to the more pronounced symptoms seen later in the disease. Lymphocytic infiltration of the thyrocyte-associated tissues often leads to the histologically significant finding of germinal center development within the thyroid gland.

Hashimoto's when presenting as mania is known as Prasad's syndrome after Ashok Prasad, the psychiatrist who first described it.^[14]

Treatment

Managing hormone levels

Hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis is treated with thyroid hormone replacement agents such as levothyroxine, triiodothyronine or desiccated thyroid extract. A tablet taken once a day generally keeps the thyroid hormone levels normal. In most cases, the treatment needs to be taken for the rest of the patient's life. In the event that hypothyroidism is caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, it is recommended that the TSH levels be kept under 3.0.^[15]

Selenium

Although the current clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults do not indicate selenium supplementation,^[16] a 1-year study of 46 patients found supplementing 80 μg per day of selenium slowed several markers of disease progression.^[17] Another study comparing 100 μg and 200 μg doses of selenium combined with levothyroxine in 88 female patients over 9 months found that 200 μg was more effective.^[18] A 2013 systemic review found there is still not enough evidence to definitively support or refute the efficacy of selenium for Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and urges more clinical trials are needed before efficacy can be proven.^[19]

As a dietary supplement, the FDA recommends at least 55 μg per day of selenium for adults with a tolerable upper intake level of 400 μg.^[20]

Low-level laser therapy

According to a study published in 2013, near-infrared low level laser therapy has been shown to be effective in phase two clinical trials at improving thyroid function.^[21]

Gluten-free diet

Preliminary studies have suggested a correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and celiac disease.^[22] While it has not been rigorously explored, there are anecdotal reports that a gluten-free diet may reduce the autoimmune response responsible for thyroid degeneration.^[23] A study published in January 2012 compared a group of confirmed celiac patients to a control group of healthy individuals, starting a gluten-free diet and continuing for one year.^[24] While there was a higher occurrence of thyroiditis found among the celiac group, there was no reduction in their level of anti-TPO antibody, improvement in thyroid function, or change in thyroid volume reduction after one year without gluten. The study mentions that its results disagree with other studies, such as a prospective study published in August 2000 with 90 celiac patients, which found that thyroid-related serum antibodies tended to reduce during a gluten-free diet.^[25]

Prognosis

Overt, symptomatic thyroid dysfunction is the most common complication, with about 5% of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis progressing to thyroid failure every year. Transient periods of thyrotoxicosis (over-activity of the thyroid) sometimes occur, and rarely the illness may progress to full hyperthyroid Basedow–Graves disease with active orbitopathy (bulging, inflamed eyes). Rare cases of fibrous autoimmune thyroiditis present with severe dyspnea (shortness of breath) and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), resembling aggressive thyroid tumors - but such symptoms always improve with surgery or corticosteroid therapy. Primary thyroid B cell lymphoma affects fewer than one in a thousand patients, and it is more likely to affect those with long-standing autoimmune thyroiditis.^[26]

Epidemiology

This disorder is believed to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America; as a cause of non-endemic goiter, it is among the most common.^[27] An average of 1 to 1.5 in 1000 people have this disease.^[27] It occurs between eight and fifteen times more often in women than in men. Though it may occur at any age, including in children, it is most often observed in women between 30 and 60 years of age.^[26] It is more common in regions of high iodine dietary intake, and among people who are genetically susceptible.^[26]

History

Also known as Hashimoto's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is named after the Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto (1881−1934) of the medical school at Kyushu University,^[28] who first described the symptoms of patients with struma lymphomatosa, an intense infiltration of lymphocytes within the thyroid, in 1912 in a German publication.^[29] The report gave new insight into a condition (hypothyroidism) more commonly seen in areas of iodine deficiency that was occurring in the developed world, and without evident causation by dietary deficiency.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Pregnancy

Pregnancy challenges regular thyroid function, putting additional pressure on the organ to function properly. In pregnant women who are positive for Hashimoto's thyroiditis, this challenge can lead the thyroid either to have decreased functionality or to fail entirely.^[30] Pregnant mothers who are at a risk for Hashimoto's thyroiditis or who have been diagnosed as TPOAb-positive should be aware of the risks to themselves and their fetuses if the disease goes untreated. "Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) are detected in 10% of pregnant women," which presents risks to those pregnancies.^[30] Risk factors are primarily indicated for women whose low thyroid function has not been stabilized by medication. These factors include: low birth weight, neonatal respiratory distress and fetal abnormalities (such as hydrocephalus and hypospadias), miscarriage, and preterm delivery.^[30]^[31] When Hashimoto's thyroiditis is medicated through levothyroxine replacement, embryo implantation rate and pregnancy outcome are improved.^[31] The 2012 study by Lepoutre et al. supports not only treating pregnant women who are TPOAb-positive throughout the entirety of their pregnancies, but their research also strongly recommends universal screening of thyroid levels for pregnant women.^[32] They also recommend consistent cooperation between obstetricians and endocrinologists throughout the patient's pregnancy to ensure a positive outcome.^[33] This conclusion is also supported by the research conducted in 2013 by Budenhofer, et al., as well as the 2013 study of Balucan, et al.^[34]^[35] In March 2015, the Endocrine Society clearly stated that it does recommend screening in pregnant women who are considered high-risk for thyroid autoimmune disease.^[36]

It is also recommended for undiagnosed women to be tested for thyroid peroxides antibodies if they have ever been pregnant (regardless of birth outcome). In their 2014 study, Carlé, et al. concluded, "…previous pregnancy plays a major role in development of autoimmune overt hypothyroidism in premenopausal women, and the number of previous pregnancies should be taken into account when evaluating the risk of hypothyroidism in a young women [sic]."^[37] According to the research conducted by Carlé, et al., risk for thyroid dysfunction as well as for thyroid antibody production increases when at-risk or previously diagnosed mothers have more than one pregnancy.

References

^ Nakazawa, Donna (2008). The Autoimmune Epidemic. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-0-7432-7775-4.
^ "Hashimoto's disease fact sheet". Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, womenshealth.gov (or girlshealth.gov). 16 July 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Page 56 in: Staecker, Hinrich; Thomas R. Van De Water; Van de Water, Thomas R. (2006). Otolaryngology: basic science and clinical review. Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN 0-86577-901-5.
^ Dayan CM, Daniels GH (1996). "Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis". N Engl J Med. pp. 335:99–107. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
^ Kavvoura, F. K.; Akamizu, T.; Awata, T.; Ban, Y.; Chistiakov, D. A.; Frydecka, I.; Ghaderi, A.; Gough, S. C.; Hiromatsu, Y. (2007). "Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Antigen 4 Gene Polymorphisms and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 92 (8): 3162–70. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0147. PMID 17504905.
^ Jacobson, Eric M.; Tomer, Yaron (2007). "The CD40, CTLA-4, thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and PTPN22 gene quintet and its contribution to thyroid autoimmunity: Back to the future". Journal of Autoimmunity 28 (2–3): 85–98. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2007.02.006. PMC 2043086. PMID 17369021.
^ Chistiakov, Dimitry A (2005). "Immunogenetics of Hashimoto's thyroiditis". Journal of Autoimmune Diseases 2 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1740-2557-2-1. PMC 555850. PMID 15762980.
^ Saranac, L.; Zivanovic, S.; Bjelakovic, B.; Stamenkovic, H.; Novak, M.; Kamenov, B. (2011). "Why is the Thyroid So Prone to Autoimmune Disease". Hormone Research in Paediatrics 75 (3): 157–65. doi:10.1159/000324442. PMID 21346360.
^ Caselli, Elisabetta; Zatelli, Maria Chiara; Rizzo, Roberta; Benedetti, Sabrina; Martorelli, Debora; Trasforini, Giorgio; Cassai, Enzo; Degli Uberti, Ettore C.; Di Luca, Dario (Oct 2012). Moore, Patrick S, ed. "Virologic and immunologic evidence supporting an association between HHV-6 and Hashimoto's thyroiditis". PLoS Pathogens 8 (10): e1002951. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002951. PMC 3464215. PMID 23055929.
^ ^a ^b Kumar, Vinay (2010). "24: The Endocrine System". Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 1113.
^ Kumar, Vinay (2010). "24: The Endocrine System". Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 1112–1113.
^ Grani, Giorgio; Carbotta, Giovanni; Nesca, Angela; D’Alessandri, Mimma; Vitale, Martina; Del Sordo, Marianna; Fumarola, Angela (4 October 2014). "A comprehensive score to diagnose Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a proposal". Endocrine. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0441-5.
^ Giannini, AJ (1986). The Biological Foundations of Clinical Psychiatry. New Hyde Park, NY: Medical Examination Publishing Company. pp. 193–198. ISBN 0-87488-449-7.
^ "Prasad's syndrome" (PDF).
^ "Does Your Doctor Know About the New TSH Lab Standards?".
^ 2012 ATA/AACE Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults
^ Nacamulli, D.; Mian, C.; Petricca, D.; Lazzarotto, F.; Barollo, S.; Pozza, D.; Masiero, S.; Faggian, D.; Plebani, M.; Girelli, M. E.; Mantero, F.; Betterle, C. (2009). "Influence of Physiological Dietary Selenium Supplementation on the Natural Course of Autoimmune Thyroiditis". Clinical Endocrinology 73 (4): 535–539. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03758.x. PMID 20039895.
^ Turker, O.; Kumanlioglu, K.; Karapolat, I.; Dogan, I. (2006). "Selenium treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable doses". Journal of Endocrinology 190 (1): 151–156. doi:10.1677/joe.1.06661. PMID 16837619.
^ Van Zuuren, E. J.; Albusta, A. Y.; Fedorowicz, Z.; Carter, B.; Pijl, H. (2013). Van Zuuren, Esther J, ed. "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 6: CD010223. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010223.pub2. PMID 23744563. |chapter= ignored (help)
^ Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium
^ Höfling, D. B.; Chavantes, M. C.; Juliano, A. G.; Cerri, G. G.; Knobel, M.; Yoshimura, E. M.; Chammas, M. C. (2012). "Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial". Lasers in Medical Science 28 (3): 743–753. doi:10.1007/s10103-012-1129-9. PMID 22718472.
^ "Connection Found Between Celiac Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis".
^ "Wendy vs. Autoimmune Hypothyroid". ^{[unreliable medical source?]}
^ Metso, Saara; Hyytiä-Ilmonen, Henni; Kaukinen, Katri; Huhtala, Heini; Jaatinen, Pia; Salmi, Jorma; Taurio, Jyrki; Collin, Pekka (2012). "Gluten-free diet and autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with celiac disease. A prospective controlled study". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 47 (1): 43–8. doi:10.3109/00365521.2011.639084. PMID 22126672.
^ Ventura A, Neri E, Ughi C, Leopaldi A, Citta A, Not T (2000). "Glutendependent diabetes-related and thyroid-related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease". J Pediatr 137 (2): 263–65. doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.107160. PMID 10931424.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fabrizio Monaco (2012). Thyroid Diseases. Taylor and Francis. p. 78. ISBN 9781439868393.
^ ^a ^b Kumar, Vinay (2010). "24: The Endocrine System". Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 1111–205.
^ Hakaru Hashimoto at Who Named It?
^ Hashimoto, H. (1912). "Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma lymphomatosa)". Archiv für klinische Chirurgie (in German) (Berlin) 97: 219–248.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lepoutre, Thibault; Debiève, Frederic; Gruson, Damien; Daumerie, Chantal (2012-01-01). "Reduction of Miscarriages through Universal Screening and Treatment of Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 74 (4). doi:10.1159/000343759.
^ ^a ^b Zaletel, Katja (2011). "Thyroid physiology and autoimmunity in pregnancy and after delivery". Expert review of clinical immunology. doi:10.1586/eci.11.42. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
^ Lepoutre, Thibault; Debiève, Frederic; Gruson, Damien; Daumerie, Chantal (2012-01-01). "Reduction of Miscarriages through Universal Screening and Treatment of Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 74 (4). doi:10.1159/000343759.
^ Lepoutre, Thibault; Debiève, Frederic; Gruson, Damien; Daumerie, Chantal (2012-01-01). "Reduction of Miscarriages through Universal Screening and Treatment of Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 74 (4). doi:10.1159/000343759.
^ Budenhofer, Brigitte K.; Ditsch, Nina; Jeschke, Udo; Gärtner, Roland; Toth, Bettina (2012-10-27). "Thyroid (dys-)function in normal and disturbed pregnancy". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 287 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2592-z. ISSN 0932-0067.
^ Balucan, Francis S.; Morshed, Syed A.; Davies, Terry F. (2013-01-01). "Thyroid Autoantibodies in Pregnancy: Their Role, Regulation and Clinical Relevance". Journal of Thyroid Research 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/182472. PMC 3652173. PMID 23691429.
^ "Endocrine Experts Support Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnant Women". Endocrine Society. Endocrine Society. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
^ Carlé, Allan; Pedersen, Inge Bülow; Knudsen, Nils; Perrild, Hans; Ovesen, Lars; Rasmussen, Lone Banke; Laurberg, Peter (2014-04-02). "Development of Autoimmune Overt Hypothyroidism Is Highly Associated With Live Births and Induced Abortions but Only in Premenopausal Women". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99 (6): 2241–2249. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-4474. ISSN 0021-972X.

External links

Hashimoto's disease at the Mayo Clinic
Sasaki, N; Takahashi, A; Nakano, N; Saito, T (2001). "A case of 'hallucination of soliloquy' with hypothyroidism induced Hashimoto disease. Meaning of psychopathological research about symptomatic psychosis". Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi 103 (2): 185–96. PMID 11326441.
Hall, Richard C.W.; Popkin, Michael K.; Devaul, Richard; Hall, Anne K.; Gardner, Earl R.; Beresford, Thomas P. (April 1986). "Psychiatric manifestations of Hashimoto's thyroiditis" (PDF). Psychosomatics 23 (4): 337–42. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(82)73397-3. PMID 6896238.
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease – For details about autoimmune thyroid disease

UpToDate Contents

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1. 橋本病（慢性自己免疫性甲状腺炎）の病因 pathogenesis of hashimotos thyroiditis chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
2. 甲状腺機能低下症の原因となる疾患 disorders that cause hypothyroidism
3. 橋本脳症 hashimoto encephalopathy
4. 小児および思春期における後天性甲状腺機能低下症 acquired hypothyroidism in childhood and adolescence
5. 非中毒性非閉塞性甲状腺腫の治療 treatment of nontoxic nonobstructive goiter

English Journal

Genome, epigenome and transcriptome analyses of a pair of monozygotic twins discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus.

Furukawa H, Oka S, Matsui T, Hashimoto A, Arinuma Y, Komiya A, Fukui N, Tsuchiya N, Tohma S.SourceClinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Japan. Electronic address: h-furukawa@sagamihara-hosp.gr.jp.
Human immunology.Hum Immunol.2013 Feb;74(2):170-175. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.11.007. Epub 2012 Nov 29.
Information to distinguish genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases can be obtained by investigation of disease development in monozygotic twins. Recent reports have shown that there are genomic and epigenomic differences between monozygotic twins. Genomic/epi
PMID 23200755

Neuronal activity and secreted amyloid β lead to altered amyloid β precursor protein and presenilin 1 interactions.

Li X, Uemura K, Hashimoto T, Nasser-Ghodsi N, Arimon M, Lill CM, Palazzolo I, Krainc D, Hyman BT, Berezovska O.SourceNeurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
Neurobiology of disease.Neurobiol Dis.2013 Feb;50:127-34. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.002. Epub 2012 Oct 12.
Deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) containing plaques in the brain is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been suggested that modulation of neuronal activity may alter Aβ production in the brain. We postulate that these changes in Aβ production are due to changes
PMID 23064434

Japanese Journal

自己免疫性甲状腺疾患における自己抗体

臨床免疫・アレルギー科 = Clinical immunology & allergology 64(5), 482-487, 2015-11
NAID 40020656697

Association studies of SEPS1 gene polymorphisms with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Han Chinese

Journal of human genetics 60(8), 427-433, 2015-08
NAID 40020561714

橋本病甲状腺機能低下症と甲状腺抗体 : TPOAb,TGAb,ブロッキング抗体TSBAb

日本体質医学会雑誌 = The Japanese journal of constitutional medicine 77(1), 6-13, 2015-02
NAID 40020373456

Related Pictures

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The Strange-Sounding Condition You Can Have Without Hashimoto thyroiditis | Pathology Student Pathology Outlines - Hashimoto thyroiditis File:Hashimoto's thyroiditis, HE 2.jpg - Wikimedia Commons File:Hashimoto thyroiditis -- low mag.jpg - Wikimedia Commons ファイル:Hashimoto's thyroiditis, HE 4.jpg - Wikipedia

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「橋本病」「橋本甲状腺炎」「Hashimoto甲状腺炎」

「橋本病」

Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Endocrinology
ICD-10	E06.3
ICD-9-CM	245.2
OMIM	140300
DiseasesDB	5649
MedlinePlus	000371
eMedicine	med/949
Patient UK	Hashimoto's thyroiditis
MeSH	D050031

　　[★]

英: Hashimoto disease
同: 橋本病甲状腺炎 Hashimoto thyroiditis, (ほぼ同義)慢性甲状腺炎

病理

肉眼像

硬く瀰漫性に腫大、割面ではコロイド光沢を欠く、20-30gのものから100g以上のものまである。ゴム様硬

組織像

①甲状腺濾胞の変性、委縮、崩壊が瀰漫性に起きていることが必要②リンパ球や形質細胞の浸潤、リンパ濾胞の形成（必発）。胚中心形成。③線維化

腫大した濾胞上皮：好酸性細胞oxyphililic cell (H ürthle cell、機能低下型細胞、胞体が好酸性顆粒状となる、電顕では多数のミトコンドリア、橋本病で観察されるが特異的なものではない）。C細胞は保たれる。

亜型

a)線維亜型 fibrous variant：腫大しつつ線維化を伴う。riedel thyroiditisと鑑別必要

b)萎縮性甲状腺炎 atrophic thyroiditis：濾胞が消失し、線維に置換される。数グラム程度に委縮

検査

70-80%の症例で甲状腺機能は正常 (YN.D-39)

合併症

シェーグレン症候群、悪性リンパ腫(甲状腺悪性リンパ腫)など

参考

1. [charged] 橋本病（慢性自己免疫性甲状腺炎）の病因 - uptodate [1]

国試

102I057

「橋本甲状腺炎」

　　[★]

英: Hashimoto's thyroiditis、Hashimoto thyroiditis
関: 橋本病、Hashimoto甲状腺炎、慢性リンパ球性甲状腺炎

「Hashimoto甲状腺炎」

　　[★]

英: Hashimoto thyroiditis
関: 橋本甲状腺炎

[1] Nakazawa, Donna (2008). The Autoimmune Epidemic. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-0-7432-7775-4.

[2] "Hashimoto's disease fact sheet". Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, womenshealth.gov (or girlshealth.gov). 16 July 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2014.

[3] Page 56 in: Staecker, Hinrich; Thomas R. Van De Water; Van de Water, Thomas R. (2006). Otolaryngology: basic science and clinical review. Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN 0-86577-901-5.

[4] Dayan CM, Daniels GH (1996). "Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis". N Engl J Med. pp. 335:99–107. Retrieved 11 April 2014.

[5] Kavvoura, F. K.; Akamizu, T.; Awata, T.; Ban, Y.; Chistiakov, D. A.; Frydecka, I.; Ghaderi, A.; Gough, S. C.; Hiromatsu, Y. (2007). "Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Antigen 4 Gene Polymorphisms and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 92 (8): 3162–70. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0147. PMID 17504905.

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[20] Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium

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Hashimoto thyroiditis