ミドリムシ、ミドリムシ類、ユーグレナ、ドリムシ属、ユーグレナ属、Euglena属
WordNet
- marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism (同)euglenophyte, euglenid
- type genus of the family Euglenaceae: green algae with a single flagellum
- considered green algae (同)family Euglenaceae
- minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella; often classed as algae
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/03 09:54:39」(JST)
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| Euglena | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Excavata |
| Superphylum: | Discoba |
| Phylum: | Euglenozoa |
| Class: | Euglenoidea |
| Order: | Euglenales |
| Family: | Euglenaceae |
| Genus: | Euglena Ehrenberg, 1830 |
Euglena is a genus of unicellular flagellate protists. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the phylum Euglenophyta, a diverse group containing some 44 genera and at least 800 species.[1] Species of Euglena are found in fresh and salt waters. They are often abundant in quiet, inland waters, where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green (E. viridis) or red (E. sanguinea).[1]
The species Euglena gracilis, has been used extensively in the laboratory as a model organism.[2]
Most species of Euglena have photosynthesizing chloroplasts within the body of the cell, which enable them to feed by autotrophy, like plants. However, they can also take nourishment heterotrophically, like animals. Since Euglena have features of both animals and plants, early taxonomists, working within the Linnaean two-kingdom system of biological classification, found them difficult to classify.[3][4] It was the question of where to put such "unclassifiable" creatures that prompted Ernst Haeckel to add a third kingdom to the Animale and Vegetabile of Linnaeus: the Kingdom Protista.[5]
Contents
- 1 Form and function
- 2 Reproduction
- 3 Historical background and early classification
- 4 Recent phylogeny and classification
- 5 Video gallery
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Form and function
When feeding as a heterotroph, the Euglena surrounds a particle of food and consumes it by phagocytosis. When there is sufficient sunlight for it to feed by phototrophy, it uses chloroplasts containing the pigments Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b to produce sugars by photosynthesis.[6] Euglena's chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes, while those of plants and the green algae (among which earlier taxonomists often placed Euglena) have only two membranes. This fact has been taken as morphological evidence that Euglena's chloroplasts evolved from a eukaryotic green alga.[7] Thus, the intriguing similarities between Euglena and the plants would have arisen not because of kinship but because of a secondary endosymbiosis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has lent support to this hypothesis, and it is now generally accepted.[8][9]
Diagram of Euglena sp.
Euglena chloroplasts contain pyrenoids, used in the synthesis of paramylon, a form of starch energy storage enabling Euglena to survive periods of light deprivation. The presence of pyrenoids is used as an identifying feature of the genus, separating it from other Euglenoids, such as Lepocinclis and Phacus.[10]
All Euglenoids have two flagella rooted in basal bodies located in a small reservoir at the front of the cell. In Euglena, one flagellum is very short, and does not protrude from the cell, while the other is relatively long, and often easily visible with light microscopy. In some species, the longer, emergent flagellum is used to help the organism swim.
Like other Euglenoids, Euglena possess a red eyespot, an organelle composed of carotenoid pigment granules. The red spot itself is not thought to be photosensitive. Rather, it filters the sunlight that falls on a light-detecting structure at the base of the flagellum (a swelling, known as the paraflagellar body), allowing only certain wavelengths of light to reach it. As the cell rotates with respect to the light source, the eyespot partially blocks the source, permitting the Euglena to find the light and move toward it (a process known as phototaxis).[11]
Spiral pellicle strips (click to enlarge)
Euglena lacks a cell wall. Instead, it has a pellicle made up of a protein layer supported by a substructure of microtubules, arranged in strips spiraling around the cell. The action of these pellicle strips sliding over one another gives Euglena its exceptional flexibility and contractility.[11]
In low moisture conditions, or when food is scarce, Euglena forms a protective wall around itself and lies dormant as a resting cyst until environmental conditions improve.
Reproduction
Euglena reproduce asexually through binary fission, a form of cell division. Reproduction begins with the mitosis of the cell nucleus, followed by the division of the cell itself. Euglena divide longitudinally, beginning at the front end of the cell, with the duplication of flagellar processes, gullet and stigma. Presently, a cleavage forms in the anterior, and a V-shaped bifurcation gradually moves toward the posterior, until the two halves are entirely separated.[12]
Reports of sexual conjugation are rare, and have not been substantiated.[13]
Historical background and early classification
Cercaria viridis (= E. viridis) from O.F. Müller's Animalcula Infusoria
Species of Euglena were among the first protists to be seen under the microscope.
In 1674, in a letter to the Royal Society, the Dutch pioneer of microscopy Antoni van Leeuwenhoek wrote that he had collected water samples from an inland lake, in which he found "animalcules" that were "green in the middle, and before and behind white." Clifford Dobell regards it as "almost certain" that these were Euglena viridis, whose "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification."[14]
Twenty-two years later, John Harris published a brief series of "Microscopical Observations" reporting that he had examined "a small Drop of the Green Surface of some Puddle-Water" and found it to be "altogether composed of Animals of several Shapes and Magnitudes." Among them, were "oval creatures whose middle part was of a Grass Green, but each end Clear and Transparent," which "would contract and dilate themselves, tumble over and over many times together, and then shoot away like Fishes."[15]
In 1786, O.F. Müller gave a more complete description of the organism, which he named Cercaria viridis, noting its distinctive color and changeable body shape. Müller also provided a series of illustrations, accurately depicting the undulating, contractile movements (or metaboly) of Euglena's body.[16]
Euglena from Félix Dujardin's Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes
In 1830, C. G. Ehrenberg renamed Müller's Cercaria Euglena viridis, and placed it, in keeping with the short-lived system of classification he invented, among the Polygastrica in the family Astasiaea: multi-stomached creatures with no alimentary canal, variable body shape but no pseudopods or lorica.[17][18] By making use of the newly invented achromatic microscope,[19] Ehrenberg was able to see Euglena's eyespot, which he correctly identified as a "rudimentary eye" (although he reasoned, wrongly, that this meant the creature also had a nervous system). This feature was incorporated into Ehrenberg's name for the new genus, constructed from the Greek roots "eu-" (well, good) and glēnē (eyeball, socket of joint).[20]
Ehrenberg did not notice Euglena's flagella, however. The first to publish a record of this feature was Félix Dujardin, who added "filament flagelliforme" to the descriptive criteria of the genus in 1841.[21] Subsequently, the class Flagellata (Cohn, 1853) was created for creatures, like Euglena, possessing one or more flagella. While "Flagellata" has fallen from use as a taxon, the notion of using flagella as a phylogenetic criterion remains vigorous.[22]
Recent phylogeny and classification
Euglena sp. (click to enlarge)
In 1881, Georg Klebs made a primary taxonomic distinction between green and colorless flagellate organisms, separating the photosynthesizing Euglenoids from those that live by phagotrophy. The latter (colorless, shape-changing uniflagellates) were divided among the Astasiaceae and the Peranemaceae, while flexible green Euglenoids were generally assigned to the genus Euglena.[23]
As early as 1935, it was recognized that this was an artificial grouping, however convenient.[24] In 1948, Pringsheim affirmed that the distinction between green and colorless flagellates had no taxonomic justification, although he acknowledged its practical appeal. He proposed something of a compromise, placing colorless, saprotrophic Euglenoids in the genus Astasia, while allowing some colorless Euglenoids to share a genus with their photosynthesizing cousins, provided they had structural features that proved common ancestry. Among the green Euglenoids themselves, Pringsheim recognized the close kinship of some species of Phacus and Lepocinclis with some species of Euglena.[23]
The idea of classifiying the Euglenoids by their manner of nourishment was finally abandoned in the 1950s, when A. Hollande published a major revision of the phylum, grouping organisms by shared structural features, such as the number and type of flagella.[25] If any doubt remained, it was dispelled in 1994, when genetic analysis of the non-photosynthesizing Euglenoid Astasia longa confirmed that this organism retains sequences of DNA inherited from an ancestor that must have had functioning chloroplasts.[26]
In 1997, a morphological and molecular study of the Euglenozoa put Euglena gracilis in close kinship with the species Khawkinea quartana, with Peranema trichophorum basal to both.[27] Two years later, a molecular analysis showed that Euglena gracilis was, in fact, more closely related to Astasia longa than to certain other species recognized as Euglena. Furthermore, the venerable Euglena viridis was found to be genetically closer to Khawkinea quartana than to the other species of Euglena studied.[25]
Recognizing the polyphyletic nature of the genus Euglena, Marin et al. (2003) have revised it to include certain members traditionally placed in Astasia and Khawkinea.[10]
Video gallery
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Play media
Various Euglenoids
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Play media
Euglena mutabilis, showing metaboly, paramylon bodies and chloroplasts
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Euglena sanguinea
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Play media
Euglena, moving by metaboly and swimming
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jl0TzaWUQWk&feature=endscreen
See also
- Elysia chlorotica
- Kleptoplasty
References
- ^ a b Wolosski, Konrad. "Phylum Euglenophyta". In John, David M.; Whitton, Brian A.; Brook, Alan J. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: an Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-521-77051-4.
- ^ Russell, A. G.; Watanabe, Y; Charette, JM; Gray, MW (2005). "Unusual features of fibrillarin cDNA and gene structure in Euglena gracilis: Evolutionary conservation of core proteins and structural predictions for methylation-guide box C/D snoRNPs throughout the domain Eucarya". Nucleic Acids Research 33 (9): 2781–91. doi:10.1093/nar/gki574. PMC 1126904. PMID 15894796.
- ^ Margulis, Lynn (2007). "Power to the Protoctists". In Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion. Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature. White River Junction: Chelsea Green. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-1-60358-136-3.
- ^ Keeble, Frederick (1912). Plant-animals: a study in symbiosis. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–4. OCLC 297937639.
- ^ Solomon, Eldra Pearl; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W., eds. (2005). "Kingdoms or Domains?". Biology (7th ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning. pp. 421–7. ISBN 978-0-534-49276-2.
- ^ Nisbet, Brenda (1984). Nutrition and Feeding Strategies in Protozoa. p. 73. ISBN 0-7099-1800-3.
- ^ Gibbs, Sarah P. (1978). "The chloroplasts of Euglena may have evolved from symbiotic green algae". Canadian Journal of Botany 56 (22): 2883–9. doi:10.1139/b78-345.
- ^ Henze, Katrin; Badr, Abdelfattah; Wettern, Michael; Cerff, Rudiger; Martin, William (1995). "A Nuclear Gene of Eubacterial Origin in Euglena gracilis Reflects Cryptic Endosymbioses During Protist Evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (20): 9122–6. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.9122H. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.20.9122. JSTOR 2368422. PMC 40936. PMID 7568085.
- ^ Nudelman, Mara Alejandra; Rossi, Mara Susana; Conforti, Visitacin; Triemer, Richard E. (2003). "Phylogeny of euglenophyceae based on small subunit rDNA sequences: Taxonomic implications". Journal of Phycology 39 (1): 226–35. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02075.x.
- ^ a b Marin, B; Palm, A; Klingberg, M; Melkonian, M (2003). "Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of plastid-containing euglenophytes based on SSU rDNA sequence comparisons and synapomorphic signatures in the SSU rRNA secondary structure". Protist 154 (1): 99–145. doi:10.1078/143446103764928521. PMID 12812373.
- ^ a b Schaechter, Moselio (2011). Eukaryotic Microbes. San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-12-383876-6.
- ^ Gojdics, Mary (1934). "The Cell Morphology and Division of Euglena deses Ehrbg". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 53 (4): 299–310. doi:10.2307/3222381. JSTOR 3222381.
- ^ Lee, John J. (2000). An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa: organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups 2 (2nd ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: Society of Protozoologists. p. 1137.
|accessdate=requires|url=(help) - ^ Dobell, Clifford (1960) [1932]. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his 'Little Animals'. New York: Dover. p. 111. ISBN 0-486-60594-9.
- ^ Harris, J. (1695). "Some Microscopical Observations of Vast Numbers of Animalcula Seen in Water by John Harris, M. A. Kector of Winchelsea in Sussex, and F. R. S". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 19 (215–235): 254–9. Bibcode:1695RSPT...19..254H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1695.0036. JSTOR 102304.
- ^ Müller, Otto Frederik; Fabricius, Otto (1786). Animalcula Infusoria, Fluvia Tilia et Marina. Hauniae, Typis N. Mölleri. pp. 126, 473.
- ^ Ehrenberg, C. Organisation, Systematik und geographisches Verhältnifs der Infusionsthierchen. Vol. II. Berlin, 1830. pp 58-9
- ^ Pritchard, Andrew (1845). A history of Infusoria, living and fossil: arranged according to 'Die Infusionsthierchen' of C.G. Ehrenberg. London: Whittaker. p. 86. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5fb4z64c.
- ^ "Notes and Queries". Notes and Queries 12 (13): 459. July–December 1855.
- ^ "Merriam-Webster online dictionary". Encylopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 July 2005.
- ^ Dujardin, Félix (1841). Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes. Infusoires, comprenant la Physiologie et la Classification de ces Animaux, et la Manière de les Étudier a l'aide du Microscope. Paris. p. 358.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.-Y. (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494.
- ^ a b Pringsheim, E. G. (1948). "Taxonomic Problems in the Euglenineae". Biological Reviews 23 (1): 46–61. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1948.tb00456.x. PMID 18901101.
- ^ Schwartz, Adelheid (2007). "F. E. Fritsch, the Structure and Reproduction of the Algae Vol. I/II. XIII und 791, XIV und 939 S., 245 und 336 Abb., 2 und 2 Karten. Cambridge 1965 (reprinted): Cambridge University Press 90 S je Band". Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie 7 (2): 168–9. doi:10.1002/jobm.19670070220.
- ^ a b Linton, Eric W.; Hittner, Dana; Lewandowski, Carole; Auld, Theresa; Triemer, Richard E. (1999). "A Molecular Study of Euglenoid Phylogeny using Small Subunit rDNA". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 46 (2): 217–23. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04606.x. PMID 10361741.
- ^ Gockel, Gabriele; Hachtel, Wolfgang; Baier, Susanne; Fliss, Christian; Henke, Mark (1994). "Genes for components of the chloroplast translational apparatus are conserved in the reduced 73-kb plastid DNA of the nonphotosynthetic euglenoid flagellate Astasia longa". Current Genetics 26 (3): 256–62. doi:10.1007/BF00309557. PMID 7859309.
- ^ Montegut-Felkner, Ann E.; Triemer, Richard E. (1997). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Selected Euglenoid Genera Based on Morphological and Molecular Data". Journal of Phycology 33 (3): 512–9. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00512.x.
External links
| Wikispecies has information related to: Euglena |
| Look up euglena in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- The Euglenoid Project
- Tree of Life web project: Euglenida
- Protist Images: Euglena
- Euglena at Droplet - Microscopy of the Protozoa
- Images and taxonomy
- Constantopoulos, George; Bloch, Konrad (1967). "Effect of Light Intensity on the Lipid Composition of Euglena gracilis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 242 (15): 3538–42.
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Japanese Journal
- ミドリムシを主原料としたバイオプラスチックの開発 (特集 エコ社会への取組みと最新リサイクリング技術) -- (バイオマスプラスチックの開発と応用)
- 芝上 基成,林 雅弘
- プラスチックスエージ = Plastics age 59(12), 92-96, 2013-12
- NAID 40019881232
- ミドリムシプラスチックの開発 (特集 バイオプラスチックの新たな展開に迫る)
- 芝上 基成,林 雅弘
- 機能材料 33(8), 9-13, 2013-08
- NAID 40019773099
- Search for pterin-binding protein from Euglena
- Takeda Junko,Nakashima Minori,Ueno Hiroshi [他]
- Journal of biological macromolecules 13(1), 13-20, 2013-06
- NAID 40019784844
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「ユーグレナ属」「ミドリムシ」「euglenoid」「ユーグレナ」「ミドリムシ属」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「Euglena属」「Euglena longa」「Euglena gracilis」 |
「ユーグレナ属」
「ミドリムシ」
「euglenoid」
- adj.
- 鞭毛虫の、ユーグレナ属の
- n.