WordNet

marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism (同)euglenophyte, euglenid
whip; "The religious fanatics flagellated themselves" (同)scourge
a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals (同)flagellate protozoan, flagellated protozoan, mastigophoran, mastigophore
having or resembling a lash or whip (as does a flagellum) (同)flagellated, whiplike, lash-like
protozoa having flagella (同)class Mastigophora, Flagellata, class Flagellata

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/25 23:48:22」(JST)

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Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are Excavate Eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typical of that group. They are commonly found in freshwater, especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine, and endosymbiotic members. Most euglenids are unicellular. Many euglenids have chloroplasts and produce energy through photosynthesis, but others feed by phagocytosis, or strictly by diffusion. This group is known to contain carbohydrate paramylon.

Euglenoids descend from an ancestor that took up green algae by secondary endosymbiosis.^[2]

Structure and locomotion

Euglenoids are distinguished mainly by the presence of a pellicle (periplast), which is composed of proteinaceous strips underneath the cell membrane, supported by dorsal and ventral microtubules. This varies from rigid to flexible, and gives the cell its shape, often giving it distinctive striations. In many euglenids the strips can slide past one another, causing an inching motion called metaboly. Otherwise they move using the flagella.

History and classifications

The euglenoids were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1884 as the flagellate order Euglenida, as an animal. Botanists subsequently created the algal division Euglenophyta; thus they were classified as both animals and plants, as they share characteristics with both. This conflict is an example of why the kingdom Protista was adopted. However, they retained their double-placement until the flagellates were split up, and both names are still used to refer to the group. Their chlorophyll are not masked with accessory pigments.

Classification and nutrition

The classification of euglenoids is still variable, as groups are being revised to conform with their molecular phylogeny. To some extent, however, the results support the traditional groups based on differences in nutrition and number of flagella; at any rate these provide a starting point for considering euglenid diversity.

As with other Euglenozoa, the primitive mode of nutrition is phagocytosis. Prey such as bacteria and smaller flagellates are ingested through a cytostome, supported by microtubules. These are often packed together to form two or more rods, which function in ingestion, and in Entosiphon form an extendable siphon. Most phagotrophic euglenids have two flagella, one leading and one trailing. The latter is used for gliding along the substrate. In some, such as Peranema, the leading flagellum is rigid and beats only at its tip.

Osmotrophic euglenoids

A prolonged absence of light or exposure to harmful chemicals may cause atrophy and absorption of the chloroplasts without otherwise harming the organism. There are a number of species where a chloroplast's absence was formerly marked with separate genera such as Astasia (colourless Euglena) and Hyalophacus (colourless Phacus). Since they lack a developed cytostome, these forms feed exclusively by absorption.

References

^ lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, 4th edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63883-8.
^ Keeling PJ (2009). "Chromalveolates and the evolution of plastids by secondary endosymbiosis". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00371.x. PMID 19335769.

3. Agwata S.Nyamoki:BSc Aqua/11 B

4.NCERT.Biology text:plusone/2.2.3

Bibliography

Ciugulea, I. & Triemer, R. E. (2010) A Color Atlas of Photosynthetic Euglenoids. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, 204 p., [1].
Wołowski, K & Hindák, F. (2005). Atlas of Euglenophytes. Cracow: VEDA Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 136 p., [2].

External links

The Euglenoid Project
Tree of Life: Euglenida

English Journal

Ecotoxicological studies of micro- and nanosized barium titanate on aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms.

Polonini HC1, Brandão HM2, Raposo NR3, Mouton L4, Yéprémian C5, Couté A5, Brayner R6.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Aquat Toxicol.2014 Sep;154:58-70. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.005. Epub 2014 May 14.
The interaction between live organisms and micro- or nanosized materials has become a current focus in toxicology. As nanosized barium titanate has gained momentum lately in the medical field, the aims of the present work are: (i) to assess BT toxicity and its mechanisms on the aquatic environment,
PMID 24862688

Thermoplasticization of euglenoid β-1,3-glucans by mixed esterification.

Shibakami M1, Tsubouchi G2, Hayashi M3.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 May 25;105:90-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.053. Epub 2014 Jan 27.
We experimentally demonstrated that paramylon, a storage polysaccharide of Euglena gracilis, is efficiently thermoplasticized by adding acyl groups that differ in alkyl chain length. Glass transition temperature of mixed paramylon esters was higher than those of plant-based polylactic acid (PLA), po
PMID 24708957

Ultrastructural alterations in Phacus brachykentron (Euglenophyta) due to excess of organic matter in the culture medium.

Nannavecchia P1, Tolivia A2, Conforti V2.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2014 Mar;101:36-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.007. Epub 2014 Jan 8.
Morphological and ultrastructural changes induced by exposure to excess of organic matter were analyzed in Phacus brachykentron (Pochm.). The cells were isolated from sites in Matanza River, Buenos Aires, Argentina, which have a high degree of organic matter contamination coming from waste waters di
PMID 24507124

Japanese Journal

日本の汽水産ユーグレナ属(Euglena)の分類学的研究

加藤季夫
植物研究雑誌 83(4), 213-217, 2008-08
NAID 40016226214

Bacteria-free culture of a colorless euglenoid, Peranema trichophorum, and establishment of a method for flagellar isolation

Suetomo Yasutaka,Saito Akira,Arikawa Mikihiko [他]
原生動物学雑誌 39(1), 37-45, 2006-03
NAID 40007255710

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「鞭毛虫」「ユーグレナ属」「Euglena」「flagellate」「Mastigophora」

「鞭毛虫」

Euglenids; Temporal range: Eocene (53.5Ma) - recent
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Excavata
Phylum:	Euglenophyta
Class:	Euglenophyceae; Schoenichen, 1925
Major groups
	Phototrophs; Euglenales; Eutreptiales; Osmotrophs; Rhabdomonadales; Phagotrophs; ?Heteronematales; ?Sphenomonadales
Synonyms
	Euglenoidina Bütschli, 1884, Blochmann, 1886; Euglenoidea Lankester, 1885, Hartmann & Chagas, 1910; Euglenida Stein, 1878, Simpson, 1997; Euglenozoa Pascher, 1931; Euglenoida Cavalier-Smith, 1993;