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minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella; often classed as algae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/06/05 10:21:51」(JST)

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Euglena gracilis is a species of single-celled Eukaryote algae in the genus Euglena. They have a secondary chloroplast and can feed by photosynthesis, heterotrophy or phagocytosis. They have a highly flexible cell surface, allowing them to change shape from thin cells up to 100 µm long to spheres of approximately 20 µm. They have two flagella, only one of which emerges from the flagellar pocket (reservoir) in the anterior of the cell, and can move by swimming, or by so-called "euglenoid" movement across surfaces. Euglena gracilis has been used extensively in the laboratory as a model organism, particularly for studying cell biology and biochemistry.^[3]

Taxonomy

A morphological and molecular study of the Euglenozoa put Euglena gracilis in close kinship with the species Khawkinea quartana, with Peranema trichophorum basal to both.,^[4] although a later molecular analysis showed that E. gracilis was, in fact, more closely related to Astasia longa than to certain other species recognized as Euglena. The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis was recently sequenced, providing information about all of the genes that the organism is actively using. They found that Euglena gracilis has a whole host of new, unclassified genes which can make complex carbohydrates and natural products.^[5]^[6]

References

^ Adl, SM; Simpson, AG; Lane, CE; Lukeš, J; Bass, D (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–493. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872 . PMID 23020233.
^ Guiry, MD; Guiry, GM. "Algaebase Taxonomy Browser". Algaebase. National University of Ireland. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
^ Russell, A. G.; Watanabe, Y; Charette, JM; Gray, MW (2005). "Unusual features of fibrillarin cDNA and gene structure in Euglena gracilis: Evolutionary conservation of core proteins and structural predictions for methylation-guide box C/D snoRNPs throughout the domain Eucarya". Nucleic Acids Research. 33 (9): 2781–91. doi:10.1093/nar/gki574. PMC 1126904 . PMID 15894796.
^ Montegut-Felkner, Ann E.; Triemer, Richard E. (1997). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Selected Euglenoid Genera Based on Morphological and Molecular Data". Journal of Phycology. 33 (3): 512–9. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00512.x.
^ The potential in your pond published on August 14, 2015 by the "John Innes Centre"
^ O'Neill, Ellis C.; Trick, Martin; Hill, Lionel; Rejzek, Martin; Dusi, Renata G.; Hamilton, Christopher J.; Zimba, Paul V.; Henrissat, Bernard; Field, Robert A. (2015). "The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry". Molecular Biosystems. 11 (10): 2808–21. doi:10.1039/C5MB00319A.

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Euglena gracilis (click to enlarge)

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English Journal

Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity evaluation of dried Euglena gracilis ATCC PTA-123017.

Simon RR1, Vo TD1, Levine R2.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.2016 Oct;80:71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.007. Epub 2016 Jun 14.
Euglena gracilis is a microalga capable of synthesizing various nutrients of interest in human and animal nutrition. When cultivated aerobically in the dark, Euglena synthesize paramylon, a storage polysaccharide comprised of high molecular weight beta-1,3-D-glucose polymers organized in cytoplasmic
PMID 27311684

Bio-recovery of non-essential heavy metals by intra- and extracellular mechanisms in free-living microorganisms.

García-García JD1, Sánchez-Thomas R2, Moreno-Sánchez R2.
Biotechnology advances.Biotechnol Adv.2016 Sep-Oct;34(5):859-73. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.003. Epub 2016 May 13.
Free-living microorganisms may become suitable models for recovery of non-essential and essential heavy metals from wastewater bodies and soils by using and enhancing their accumulating and/or leaching abilities. This review analyzes the variety of different mechanisms developed mainly in bacteria,
PMID 27184302

An intact plastid genome is essential for the survival of colorless Euglena longa but not Euglena gracilis.

Hadariová L1, Vesteg M2, Birčák E1, Schwartzbach SD3, Krajčovič J4,5.
Current genetics.Curr Genet.2016 Aug 23. [Epub ahead of print]
Euglena gracilis growth with antibacterial agents leads to bleaching, permanent plastid gene loss. Colorless Euglena (Astasia) longa resembles a bleached E. gracilis. To evaluate the role of bleaching in E. longa evolution, the effect of streptomycin, a plastid protein synthesis inhibitor, and oflox
PMID 27553633

Japanese Journal

メタン発酵消化液を用いた微細藻類の培養 : Euglena gracilisの成長に及ぼす消化液濃度およびpHの影響

Nguyen Khanh,Kitaya Yoshiaki,Xiao Liya [他]
Eco-engineering 27(1), 9-13, 2015-01
NAID 40020371054

Evaluation of Growth Characteristics of Euglena gracilis for Microalgal Biomass Production Using Wastewater

TORIHARA Kenta,KISHIMOTO Naoyuki
Journal of Water and Environment Technology 13(3), 195-205, 2015
… Here, a microalga, Euglena gracilis … (E.gracilis), was focused on as a renewable biomass energy source. … gracilis … gracilis. … gracilis … gracilis …
NAID 130005076086

Microalgae Culture with Digestate from Methane Fermentation:－ Effects of Digestate Concentrations and pH on the Growth of Euglena gracilis

Nguyen Khanh,Yoshiaki Kitaya,Xiao Liya,Endo Ryosuke,Shibuya Toshio
Eco-Engineering 27(1), 7-11, 2015
… In order to determine the suitable combination of concentrations of digestate from methane fermentation sludge and pH levels for culturing microalgae, Euglena gracilis was cultured in an aqueous solution containing digestate at 5, 10, 20, 25, 40 and 100% concentrations and at pH 3.4, 6.8, and 8.7. … gracilis could be produced at a high growth rate with diluted methane fermentation sludge adjusted to a low pH. …
NAID 130005068505

「Euglena」

Euglena gracilis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Excavata
Division:	Euglenozoa
Class:	Euglenoidea
Order:	Euglenales
Family:	Euglenaceae
Genus:	Euglena
Species:	E. gracilis
Binomial name
	Euglena gracilis;

　　[★]

ミドリムシ、ミドリムシ類、ユーグレナ、ドリムシ属、ユーグレナ属、Euglena属

関: Euglenida、euglenoid

[1] Adl, SM; Simpson, AG; Lane, CE; Lukeš, J; Bass, D (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–493. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872 . PMID 23020233.

[2] Guiry, MD; Guiry, GM. "Algaebase Taxonomy Browser". Algaebase. National University of Ireland. Retrieved 2015-05-11.

[3] Russell, A. G.; Watanabe, Y; Charette, JM; Gray, MW (2005). "Unusual features of fibrillarin cDNA and gene structure in Euglena gracilis: Evolutionary conservation of core proteins and structural predictions for methylation-guide box C/D snoRNPs throughout the domain Eucarya". Nucleic Acids Research. 33 (9): 2781–91. doi:10.1093/nar/gki574. PMC 1126904 . PMID 15894796.

[4] Montegut-Felkner, Ann E.; Triemer, Richard E. (1997). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Selected Euglenoid Genera Based on Morphological and Molecular Data". Journal of Phycology. 33 (3): 512–9. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00512.x.

[5] The potential in your pond published on August 14, 2015 by the "John Innes Centre"

[6] O'Neill, Ellis C.; Trick, Martin; Hill, Lionel; Rejzek, Martin; Dusi, Renata G.; Hamilton, Christopher J.; Zimba, Paul V.; Henrissat, Bernard; Field, Robert A. (2015). "The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry". Molecular Biosystems. 11 (10): 2808–21. doi:10.1039/C5MB00319A.

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Euglena gracilis