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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/30 02:22:51」(JST)

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Canada's Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR) is a process established by the Canadian government that allows Canada to enact compulsory licenses to export essential medicines to countries without the capacity to manufacture their own.

The Regime was established in 2004 by An Act to amend the Patent Act and the Food and Drugs Act, also known as the "Jean Chrétien Pledge to Africa Act", along with other regulations, in a bill introduced as C-9 in the third session of the 37th Canadian Parliament.^[1] It represented the first implementation of the TRIPS flexibilities declared in the August 30, 2003 General Council decision of the World Trade Organization.

History

CAMR gained force of law in 2004. At the time of a statutory governmental review in 2007, the Regime had not yet been used. The review concluded that, due to insufficient evidence, "the case for making legislative or regulatory changes to CAMR has not yet been made out".^[2]

CAMR has since been used once: in 2008-2009, Apotex, Inc. used the Regime to manufacture and export two shipments of a patented antiretroviral medication to Rwanda. Apotex has since stated that it does not intend to use the Regime again unless it is reformed, claiming that the Regime imposes unnecessary bureaucratic and economic obstacles.^[3]

A private members' bill that would reform the CAMR was tabled in the House of Commons (Bill C-393). The bill passed in the Commons on March 9, 2011 (172-111, including support from the Bloc Québécois and the New Democratic Party, all but two Liberals and 26 Conservatives).^[4]^[5] The bill then stalled in the Senate and died on the order paper when the government fell.

Part of the challenge in providing medicine to Africa was highlighted by former U.S. President Bill Clinton at a meeting of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations on February 23, 2009. Speaking on Global Health Progress, Clinton stated, "... my experience has been that almost no one in the world will die this year because of the cost or the lack of availability of AIDS medicine. But many people will die of AIDS this year because of the absence of effective health care systems in rural areas of the poorest countries."^[6]

References and notes

^ http://www.camr-rcam.gc.ca/intro/context-eng.php
^ http://camr-rcam.gc.ca/review-reviser/camr_rcam_report_rapport-eng.php
^ http://www.apotex.com/global/about/press/20090514.asp
^ http://thechronicleherald.ca/TheNovaScotian/1245757.html
^ http://thevarsity.ca/articles/45372
^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSO-00R_62o

External links

http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Docid=2331620&file=4 — the full text of the Bill that created the Regime
http://www.camr-rcam.gc.ca/ — the Canadian government site for the Regime

English Journal

Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies in pediatric renal transplant recipients with creeping creatinine: Prevalence, histological correlations, and impact on patient and graft survival.

Monteverde ML1, Chaparro A1, Goldberg J2, Marcos CY3, Padros K4, Balbarrey Z2, Briones L1, Rush D5.
Pediatric transplantation.Pediatr Transplant.2015 Nov;19(7):684-90. doi: 10.1111/petr.12556. Epub 2015 Jul 24.
Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) causing CAMR are responsible for a high proportion of long-term graft failures after RTX. We studied the prevalence of DSA in RTX children biopsied for creeping Cr, its relationship with NA, and patient and graft survival according to histopathology. Between
PMID 26212912

Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Liver Allografts.

O'Leary JG1, Cai J2, Freeman R1, Banuelos N2, Hart B1, Johnson M1, Jennings LW1, Kaneku H2, Terasaki PI2, Klintmalm GB1, Demetris AJ3.
American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.Am J Transplant.2015 Oct 15. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13476. [Epub ahead of print]
Donor-specific alloantibodies (DSA) can cause acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in all solid organ allografts. However, long-term outcome in patients with posttransplant DSA needs further study. We retrospectively evaluated prospectively collected paired serum, tissue, and data on 45 matched D
PMID 26469278

Deciphering the role of TRIB1 in regulatory T-cells.

Danger R1, Dugast E1, Braza F1, Conchon S1, Brouard S2.
Biochemical Society transactions.Biochem Soc Trans.2015 Oct 1;43(5):1075-8. doi: 10.1042/BST20150097.
The role of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) is crucial to maintain immune homoeostasis by controlling peripheral tolerance. A better understanding in the molecular mechanisms involved in the biology of these Tregs could improve their expansion and selection to treat immune-related diseases, achieve immun
PMID 26517926

Japanese Journal

A novel, extraneuronal role for cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (CDK5) : modulation of cAMR-induced apoptosis in rat leukemia cells

SANDAL T.
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 20783-20793, 2002
NAID 80015438699

2P007熱力学によって記述できない特異的部位と蛋白質との結合平衡 : CamRとTrpRにみられる非エルゴディックな複合体形成

嶋本伸雄,富澤純一,加畑博幸,杵渕隆
生物物理 41(SUPPLEMENT1), S97, 2001-09-10
NAID 110001155221

3H1145 camphor代謝系酵素群オペロンを制御するリプレッサーCamR蛋白質の結晶化

前仲勝実,福司功治,荒牧弘範,白木原康雄
生物物理 40(SUPPLEMENT1), S195, 2000-08-05
NAID 110001154698

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