Brodmann areas

ブロードマン野。ブロードマン領野、Brodmann領野

WordNet

1. the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary; "the area of a rectangle"; "it was about 500 square feet in area" (同)expanse, surface_area
2. a part of a structure having some specific characteristic or function; "the spacious cooking area provided plenty of room for servants"
3. a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography); "it was a mountainous area"; "Bible country" (同)country
4. a part of an animal that has a special function or is supplied by a given artery or nerve; "in the abdominal region" (同)region
5. a subject of study; "it was his area of specialization"; "areas of interest include..."
6. a unit of surface area equal to 100 square meters (同)ar

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉〈C〉『面積』 / 〈C〉『地域』,『地方』(region, district) / 〈C〉(活動・研究・興味などの及ぶ)『範囲』,『領域』(range)《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《英》=areaway 1
2. …『である』,…です(beの二人称の単数とすべての人称の複数の直説法現在形)
3. アール(メートル法の面積単位;100平方メートル)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/13 02:17:08」(JST)

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Brodmann areas 3D

A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells.

History

A number of important Brodmann areas have been marked out on this brain.

Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann based on the cytoarchitectural organization of neurons he observed in the cerebral cortex using the Nissl method of cell staining. Brodmann published his maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys, and other species in 1909, along with many other findings and observations regarding the general cell types and laminar organization of the mammalian cortex. The same Brodmann area number in different species does not necessarily indicate homologous areas. A similar, but more detailed cortical map was published by Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas in 1925.

Present importance

Brodmann areas have been discussed, debated, refined, and renamed exhaustively for nearly a century and remain the most widely known and frequently cited cytoarchitectural organization of the human cortex.

Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions. For example, Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the primary somatosensory cortex; area 4 is the primary motor cortex; area 17 is the primary visual cortex; and areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to primary auditory cortex. Higher order functions of the association cortical areas are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by neurophysiological, functional imaging, and other methods (e.g., the consistent localization of Broca's speech and language area to the left Brodmann areas 44 and 45). However, functional imaging can only identify the approximate localization of brain activations in terms of Brodmann areas since their actual boundaries in any individual brain requires its histological examination.

Brodmann areas for humans and other primates

• Areas 3, 1 & 2 – Primary Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)
• Area 4 – Primary Motor Cortex
• Area 5 – Somatosensory Association Cortex
• Area 6 – Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area)
• Area 7 – Somatosensory Association Cortex
• Area 8 – Includes Frontal eye fields
• Area 9 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• Area 10 – Anterior prefrontal cortex (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)
• Area 11 – Orbitofrontal area (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)
• Area 12 – Orbitofrontal area (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)
• Area 13 and Area 14^* – Insular cortex
• Area 15^* – Anterior Temporal Lobe
• Area 16 – Insular cortex
• Area 17 – Primary visual cortex (V1)
• Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2)
• Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3,V4,V5)
• Area 20 – Inferior temporal gyrus
• Area 21 – Middle temporal gyrus
• Area 22 – Superior temporal gyrus, of which the caudal part is usually considered to contain the Wernicke's area
• Area 23 – Ventral posterior cingulate cortex
• Area 24 – Ventral anterior cingulate cortex.
• Area 25 – Subgenual area (part of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex)
• Area 26 – Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex
• Area 27 – Piriform cortex
• Area 28 – Ventral entorhinal cortex
• Area 29 – Retrosplenial cingulate cortex
• Area 30 – Part of cingulate cortex
• Area 31 – Dorsal Posterior cingulate cortex
• Area 32 – Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
• Area 33 – Part of anterior cingulate cortex
• Area 34 – Dorsal entorhinal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)
• Area 35 – Perirhinal cortex (in the rhinal sulcus)
• Area 36 – Ectorhinal area, now part of the perirhinal cortex (in the rhinal sulcus)
• Area 37 – Fusiform gyrus
• Area 38 – Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri)
• Area 39 – Angular gyrus, considered by some to be part of Wernicke's area
• Area 40 – Supramarginal gyrus considered by some to be part of Wernicke's area
• Areas 41 and 42 – Auditory cortex
• Area 43 – Primary gustatory cortex
• Area 44 – Pars opercularis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus and part of Broca's area
• Area 45 – Pars triangularis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus and part of Broca's area
• Area 46 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• Area 47 – Pars orbitalis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus
• Area 48 – Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe)
• Area 49 – Parasubicular area in a rodent
• Area 52 – Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)

(*) Area only found in non-human primates.

Some of the original Brodmann areas have been subdivided further, e.g., "23a" and "23b".

Clickable map: lateral surface

Note: the lateral view, or side view, of the brain is denoted the 'lateral surface'

Clickable map: medial surface

Note: the view of the section between the right and left hemispheres of the brain is denoted the 'medial surface'

Criticism

When von Bonin and Bailey constructed a brain map for the macaque monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote: "Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published" They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas published in 1925 which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex".

See also

• Brain
• Cortical area
• List of regions in the human brain

References

External links

• [1] - Brodmann Areas, their functions, and the lateralization of functions across hemispheres
• brodmann x func – Functional categorization of Brodmann areas.
• Brodmann, Mark Dubin pages on Brodmann areas.
• Brodmann areas Brodmann areas of cortex involved in language.
• Illustrations More Illustrations.
• brained.io 3D Brain Explorer

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Sports and brain morphology - A voxel-based morphometry study with endurance athletes and martial artists.

• Schlaffke L1, Lissek S2, Lenz M2, Brüne M3, Juckel G3, Hinrichs T4, Platen P5, Tegenthoff M2, Schmidt-Wilcke T2.Author information 1Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: lara.schlaffke@rub.de.2Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.3Department of Psychiatry, LWL-Klinik, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.4Lehrstuhl für Sportmedizin und Sporternährung, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.5Lehrstuhl für Sportmedizin und Sporternährung, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.AbstractPhysical exercises and motor skill learning have been shown to induce changes in regional brain morphology, this has been demonstrated for various activities and tasks. Also individuals with special skills show differences in regional brain morphology. This has been indicated for professional musicians, London taxi drivers, as well as for athletes like dancers, golfers and judokas. However little is known about whether sports with different metabolic profiles (aerobic vs. anaerobic) are associated with different patterns of altered brain morphology. In this cross-sectional study we investigated two groups of high-performance athletes, one group performing sports that are thought to be mainly aerobic, and one group performing sports known to have intermittent phases of anaerobic metabolism. Using high-resolution structural imaging and voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we investigated a group of 26 male athletes consisting of 13 martial artists and 13 endurance athletes as well as a group of non-exercising men (n=13). VBM analyses revealed higher gray matter (GM) volumes in the supplementary motor area/dorsal premotor cortex (BA 6) in both athlete groups as compared to the control group. In addition, endurance athletes showed significantly higher GM volume in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), specifically in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, which was not seen in the martial arts group. Our data suggest that high-performance sports are associated with changes in regional brain morphology in areas implicated in motor planning and motor learning. In addition high-level endurance sports seem to affect MTL structures, areas that have previously been shown to be modulated by aerobic exercise.
• Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2014 Feb 14;259:35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.046. Epub 2013 Dec 1.
• Physical exercises and motor skill learning have been shown to induce changes in regional brain morphology, this has been demonstrated for various activities and tasks. Also individuals with special skills show differences in regional brain morphology. This has been indicated for professional musici
• PMID 24291669

• Depressive symptoms and regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease.

• Terada S1, Oshima E2, Sato S3, Ikeda C2, Nagao S2, Hayashi S2, Hayashibara C2, Yokota O2, Uchitomi Y2.Author information 1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. Electronic address: terada@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp.2Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.3Department of Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.AbstractDepressive symptoms are common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and increase the caregiver burden, although the etiology and pathologic mechanism of depressive symptoms in AD patients remain unclear. In this study, we tried to clarify the cerebral blood flow (CBF) correlates of depressive symptoms in AD, excluding the effect of apathy and anxiety. Seventy-nine consecutive patients with AD were recruited from outpatient units of the Memory Clinic of Okayama University Hospital. The level of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the depression domain of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The patients underwent brain SPECT with 99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer. After removing the effects of age, anxiety and apathy scores of NPI, and five subscales of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-revised (ACE-R), correlation analysis of NPI depression scores showed a significant cluster of voxels in the left middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 9), similar to the areas in the simple correlation analysis. The dorsolateral prefrontal area is significantly involved in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms in AD, and the area on the left side especially may be closely related to the depressive symptoms revealed by NPI.
• Psychiatry research.Psychiatry Res.2014 Jan 30;221(1):86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Nov 15.
• Depressive symptoms are common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and increase the caregiver burden, although the etiology and pathologic mechanism of depressive symptoms in AD patients remain unclear. In this study, we tried to clarify the cerebral blood flow (CBF) correlates of depressive s
• PMID 24296273

• Functional parcellation of the human primary somatosensory cortex to natural touch.

• Malinen S, Renvall V, Hari R.Author information Brain Research Unit, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.AbstractDespite the significance of human touch, brain responses to interpersonal manual touch have been rarely investigated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activity in eight healthy adults whose left hand was touched by two individuals, in separate runs and in 20-s blocks, either by holding, smoothing, or poking. Acceleration was measured from both the subject's and the touching person's hands for postimaging control of the stimuli. Independent component analysis of the functional magnetic resonance imaging data unraveled three functional networks involving the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). One network comprised the contralateral and another the ipsilateral Brodmann area 3. The third network included area 2 bilaterally, left-hemisphere middle temporal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, ventral prefrontal cortices bilaterally, and middle cingulate cortex. The response shapes and polarities varied between the three networks. The contralateral area 3 differentiated the responses between the three types of touch stimuli, and the response magnitudes depended on the variability of the touch within each block. However, the responses of the other two networks were strikingly similar to all stimuli. The subjects' reports on the pleasantness of the touch did not correlate with the characteristics of the SI responses. These findings imply area-specific processing of the natural human touch in three networks including the SI cortex, with only area 2 connected to a functional network of brain areas that may support social interaction.
• The European journal of neuroscience.Eur J Neurosci.2014 Jan 21. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12493. [Epub ahead of print]
• Despite the significance of human touch, brain responses to interpersonal manual touch have been rarely investigated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activity in eight healthy adults whose left hand was touched by two individuals, in separate runs and in 20-s blocks, eit
• PMID 24447026

Japanese Journal

• Bilateral Frontal Cortex Activation during Fragmented-Letter Identification is Greater than that during Complete-Letter Identification

• 生体医工学 50(2), 219-226, 2012
• NAID 130004494180

• Neural processing associated with comprehension of an indirect reply during a scenario reading task

• Neuropsychologia 49(13), 3542-3550, 2011-11
• NAID 120003660600

• 3D映像注視時と2D映像注視時の脳活動の差異 : 近赤外分光法(NIRS)での検討

• 自律神経 = The Autonomic nervous system 48(3), 214-216, 2011-06-15
• NAID 10029549535

Related Links

• Brodmann - spot.colorado.edu

Professor Mark Dubin - University of Colorado Website Frontpage Start of Brodmann Brodmann Areas in the Human Brain with an Emphasis on Vision and Language Other Pages: Flat Brodmann Maps Brodmann Area Names Flat ...

• Brodmann areas - Wikimedia Commons

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ブロードマン野」
関連記事	「area」

「ブロードマン野」

　　[★]

英

Brodmann areas, Brodmann area

同

ブロードマン領野 Brodmann領野、Brodmann野

関

ブロードマン、ブロードマンの大脳皮質図、大脳

大脳皮質の区分

「area」

　　[★]

• n.

• 面積、範囲、分野、区域、領域、部域、地域

関

district、domain、extent、field、local、range、reach、realm、region、regional、scope、segment、segmental、spectra、spectrum、territory、universe