WordNet

(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
a response that reveals a persons feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audiences reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mothers reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age" (同)response
doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you dont like; "his style of painting was a reaction against cubism"
an idea evoked by some experience; "his reaction to the news was to start planning what to do"
extreme conservatism in political or social matters; "the forces of reaction carried the election"

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{名}(…に対する)『反応』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…に対する)(政治的・社会的な)『反動』,逆コース《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉化学反応,化学変化 / 〈U〉〈C〉(物理学で)反作用

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/10 15:43:45」(JST)

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In immunology, the Arthus reaction (/ˌɑːrˈtuːs/, /ˌɑːrˈtjuːs/) is a type of local type III hypersensitivity reaction. Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated, and involve the deposition of antigen/antibody complexes mainly in the vascular walls, serosa (pleura, pericardium, synovium), and glomeruli. This reaction is usually encountered in experimental settings following the injection of antigens.

History

The Arthus reaction was discovered by Nicolas Maurice Arthus in 1903.^[1] Arthus repeatedly injected horse serum subcutaneously into rabbits. After four injections, he found that there was edema and that the serum was absorbed slowly. Further injections eventually led to gangrene.

Process

The Arthus reaction involves the in situ formation of antigen/antibody complexes after the intradermal injection of an antigen. If the animal/patient was previously sensitized (has circulating antibody), an Arthus reaction occurs. Typical of most mechanisms of the type III hypersensitivity, Arthus manifests as local vasculitis due to deposition of IgG-based immune complexes in dermal blood vessels. Activation of complement primarily results in cleavage of soluble complement proteins forming C5a and C3a, which activate recruitment of PMNs and local mast cell degranulation (requiring the binding of the immune complex onto FcγRIII^[2]), resulting in an inflammatory response. Further aggregation of immune complex-related processes induce a local fibrinoid necrosis with ischemia-aggravating thrombosis in the tissue vessel walls.^[3] The end result is a localized area of redness and induration that typically lasts a day or so.

Arthus reactions have been infrequently reported after vaccinations containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. The CDC's description:

Arthus reactions (type III hypersensitivity reactions) are rarely reported after vaccination and can occur after tetanus toxoid–containing or diphtheria toxoid–containing vaccines. An Arthus reaction is a local vasculitis associated with deposition of immune complexes and activation of complement. Immune complexes form in the setting of high local concentration of vaccine antigens and high circulating antibody concentration. Arthus reactions are characterized by severe pain, swelling, induration, edema, hemorrhage, and occasionally by necrosis. These symptoms and signs usually occur 4–12 hours after vaccination. ACIP has recommended that persons who experienced an Arthus reaction after a dose of tetanus toxoid–containing vaccine should not receive Td more frequently than every 10 years, even for tetanus prophylaxis as part of wound management.^[4]

References

^ Injections répétées de serum du cheval chez le lapin, Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales, Paris, 55 (1903), 817–820.
^ Parham, Peter (2009). "12". The Immune System (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. p. 390.
^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, A.K.; Fausto, N; Aster, J.C. (2010). "6". In William Schmitt. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. p. 205.
^ Preventing Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Among Adolescents: Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines, K. R. Broder et al., MMWR Recommendations and Reports, March 24, 2006 / 55(RR03), 1–34, page 18.

UpToDate Contents

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3. インスリンに対する過敏症反応 hypersensitivity reactions to insulins
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English Journal

Neutrophils Self-Regulate Immune Complex-Mediated Cutaneous Inflammation Through CXCL2.

Li JL1,2, Lim CH1,2, Tay FW1,2, Goh CC1, Devi S1, Malleret B1,3, Lee B1, Bakocevic N1, Chong SZ1, Evrard M1, Tanizaki H4, Lim HY3, Russell B3, Renia L1, Zolezzi F1, Poidinger M1, Angeli V3, John AL5, Harris JE6, Tey HL7, Tan SM2, Kabashima K4, Weninger W8,9,10, Larbi A1, Ng LG1,2.
The Journal of investigative dermatology.J Invest Dermatol.2015 Oct 19. doi: 10.1038/jid.2015.410. [Epub ahead of print]
Deposition of immune complexes (ICs) in tissues triggers acute inflammatory pathology characterized by massive neutrophil influx leading to edema and hemorrhage, and is especially associated with vasculitis of the skin, but the mechanisms that regulate this Type III hypersensitivity process remain p
PMID 26480280

CTRP6 is an endogenous complement regulator that can effectively treat induced arthritis.

Murayama MA1,2,3,4, Kakuta S2, Inoue A5, Umeda N5, Yonezawa T1,6, Maruhashi T1,2, Tateishi K7, Ishigame H2, Yabe R1,2,8, Ikeda S2, Seno A1,2,3, Chi HH1, Hashiguchi Y1, Kurata R1,6, Tada T2, Kubo S1,2, Sato N2, Liu Y2, Hattori M3, Saijo S2,8, Matsushita M7, Fujita T9, Sumida T5, Iwakura Y1,2,3,4,8.
Nature communications.Nat Commun.2015 Sep 25;6:8483. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9483.
The complement system is important for the host defence against infection as well as for the development of inflammatory diseases. Here we show that C1q/TNF-related protein 6 (CTRP6; gene symbol C1qtnf6) expression is elevated in mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models. C1qtnf6(-/-) mice are highly s
PMID 26404464

Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of Zizyphus mauritiana root bark.

Talmale S1, Bhujade A, Patil M.
Food & function.Food Funct.2015 Sep;6(9):2975-83. doi: 10.1039/c5fo00270b.
An allergy may sometimes be very dangerous and one of the main factors responsible for allergy is the complement system which can lead to a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. Cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1), Cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) trigger allergic and inflammatory reac
PMID 26189881

Japanese Journal

アルサス反応とケモカイン

野田真史,浅野善英
臨床免疫・アレルギー科 58(3), 322-326, 2012-09
NAID 40019440005

Involvement of gaseous low molecular monoxides in the cutaneous reverse passive Arthus reaction: cytoprotective action of carbon monoxide.

Shimizu Kazuhiro,Bae S J,Hara Takeshi,Iwata Y,Yamaoka T,Komura Kazuhiro,Muroi Eiji,Takenaka Motoi,Ogawa Fumihide,Sato Shinichi
Clinical and experimental immunology 153(2), 245-257, 2008-08
… To assess the role of NO and CO in the pathogenic process, the cutaneous reverse passive Arthus reaction was examined using NOS inhibitor, HO-1 stimulator and HO-1 inhibitor. … To evaluate the reaction we considered oedema, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and neutrophil number. …
NAID 120001860347

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 cooperatively contribute to the cutaneous Arthus reaction

Orito Hidemitsu,Fujimoto Manabu,Ishiura Nobuko,Yanaba Koichi,Matsushita Takashi,Hasegawa Minoru,Ogawa Fumihide,Takehara Kazuhiko,Sato Shinichi
Journal of Leukocyte Biology 81(5), 1197-1204, 2007-05
… The roles and interactions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the major regulators of leukocyte firm adhesion, were examined in the cutaneous reverse-passive Arthus reaction using ICAM-1-deficient (ICAM-1-/-) mice and blocking mAb against VCAM-1. … Thus, VCAM-1 plays a complementary role to ICAM-1 in the cutaneous Arthus reaction by regulating leukocyte accumulation and proinflammatory cytokine production. …
NAID 120001138107

「アルサス反応」

Arthus reaction
Classification and external resources
Specialty	emergency medicine
ICD-10	T78.4
ICD-9-CM	995.21
DiseasesDB	33220
MeSH	D001183
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: Arthus' reaction, Arthus reaction
同: Arthus反応, アルツス型反応 Arthus type-reaction、アルチュス反応、アルチュス現象(⇔血清病型反応 Seurm disese type-reaction)、アルサス現象, Arthus現象, Arthus' phenomenon, Arthus phenomenon
関: III型アレルギー type III hypersensitivity reaction、アルサス

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アルツス型反応 : 約 11 件
アルサス型反応 : 92 件
アルサス反応 : 約 1,310 件
アルツス反応 : 約 357 件

III型アレルギーの反応
侵入物が抗原で、反応が局所的な場合 (local ummunoe complex disease)
急性免疫複合体血管炎による組織壊死像を呈する。抗原に感作された動物・人の皮下に抗原を接種すると、抗原が血管壁に拡散し、その場所で免疫複合体が形成され、炎症が起こる。この炎症はsystemic immune complex diseaseと同じである。アルサス反応は2,3時間で発現し、4-10時間でピークに達する。抗原を摂取した部位は出血をともあった浮腫が形成されるが、時には潰瘍化する。(BPT.127)