WordNet

(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
(international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/20 17:34:54」(JST)

wiki en

Tapeworm Infestation is the infection of the digestive tract by adult parasitic flatworms called cestodes or tapeworms. Live tapeworm larvae (coenuri) are sometimes ingested by consuming undercooked food. Once inside the digestive tract, a larva can grow into a very large adult tapeworm. Additionally, many tapeworm larvae cause symptoms in an intermediate host. For example, cysticercosis is a disease of humans involving larval tapeworms in the human body.

Common types

Beef tapeworm

Among the most common tapeworms in humans are the faeces tapeworm (T. solium), the beef tapeworm (T. saginata), the fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium spp.), and the dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis spp.). Infections involving the pork and beef tapeworms are also called taeniasis. Tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus infect and cause the most harm to intermediate hosts such as sheep and cattle. Infection with this type of tapeworm is referred to as Echinococcosis or hydatid disease. Symptoms vary widely, as do treatment options, and these issues are discussed in detail in the individual articles on each worm. With a few notable exceptions like the fish tapeworm, most cestodes that infect humans and livestock are cyclophyllids, and can be identified as such by the presence of four suckers on their scolex or head.

Occurrence

Most occurrences are found in areas which lack adequate sanitation and include Southeast Asia, West Africa, and East Africa.^[1]

Symptoms

Although tapeworms in the intestine usually cause no symptoms, some people experience upper abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and loss of appetite.^[2] Anemia may develop in people with the fish tapeworm. Infection is generally recognized when the infected person passes segments of proglottids in the stool (looks like white worms), especially if a segment is moving.

Rarely, worms may cause obstruction of the intestine. And very rarely, T. solium larvae can migrate to the brain causing severe headaches, seizures and other neurological problems. This condition is called neurocysticercosis. It can take years of development before the patient has those symptoms of the brain.

Treatment

Tapeworms are treated with medications taken by mouth, usually in a single dose. The drug of choice for tapeworm infections is praziquantel. Niclosamide can also be used.^[3]

Transmission

Ingestion of eggs

Tapeworm eggs are generally ingested through food, water or soil contaminated with human or animal (host) faeces. For example, if a pig is infected with a tapeworm, it may pass eggs or segments (proglottids) of the adult tapeworm through its faeces into soil. Each segment contains thousands of microscopic tapeworm eggs. These eggs can be ingested via food contaminated with the faeces. Once the eggs have been ingested, they develop into larvae, which can migrate out of the intestines and form cysts in other tissues such as the lungs or liver. This type of infection is not common with beef or fish tapeworms, but can occur with the pork tapeworm — called cysticercosis — and can also occur with dog and sheep tapeworms — called echinococcosis.

Ingestion of larvae cysts in meat or muscle tissue

Tapeworm infection can also be caused by eating raw or undercooked meat from an animal or a fish that has the larval form of the tapeworm cysts in its muscle tissue. Once ingested, the larvae then develop into adult tapeworms in the intestines. Adult tapeworms can measure up to 50 feet (15 m) long and can survive as long as 20 years. Some tapeworms attach themselves to the walls of the intestine, where they cause irritation or mild inflammation, while others may pass through to the stool and exit the body. Unlike other tapeworms, the dwarf tapeworm can complete its entire life cycle — egg to larva to adult tapeworm — in one host. This is the most common tapeworm infection in the world and can be transmitted between humans. Even while being treated for certain tapeworm infections, reinfection can result from ingesting tapeworm eggs shed by the adult worm into the stool, as a result of insufficient personal hygiene.

References

^ American Academy of Pediatrics: Tapeworm
^ http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic_infections/tapeworm+infections.html
^ Taeniasis from Medline Plus

External links

Taeniasis - by A.D.A.M., Inc.
Tapeworm Infection - Health in Plain English (with pictures)
Tapeworm symptoms in humans
Taenia spp., tapeworm, causative agent of cysticercosis/taenosis: life cycle, health implications at MetaPathogen

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. カンジダ感染症の概要 overview of candida infections
2. 感染症を繰り返す成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with recurrent infections
3. 手指感染の概要 overview of hand infections
4. HIV感染患者における日和見感染症の一次予防の概要 overview of primary prevention of opportunistic infections in hiv infected patients
5. TORCH感染の概要 overview of torch infections

English Journal

Alternative prey use affects helminth parasite infections in gray wolves.

Friesen OC1, Roth JD1.
The Journal of animal ecology.J Anim Ecol.2016 May 7. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12544. [Epub ahead of print]
Predators affect prey populations not only through direct predation, but also by acting as definitive hosts for their parasites and completing parasite life cycles. Understanding the affects of parasitism on prey population dynamics requires knowing how their predators' parasite community is affecte
PMID 27155132

Oestrogenic pollutants promote the growth of a parasite in male sticklebacks.

Macnab V1, Katsiadaki I2, Tilley CA1, Barber I3.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Aquat Toxicol.2016 May;174:92-100. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.010. Epub 2016 Feb 20.
Aquatic environments are especially susceptible to anthropogenic chemical pollution. Yet although knowledge on the biological effects of pollutants on aquatic organisms is increasing, far less is known about how ecologically-important interspecific interactions are affected by chemicals. In particul
PMID 26922400

Direct and indirect causes of sex differences in mercury concentrations and parasitic infections in a marine bird.

Provencher JF1, Gilchrist HG2, Mallory ML3, Mitchell GW2, Forbes MR4.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2016 May 1;551-552:506-12. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.055. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
In many animal species, males and females differ in their levels of contaminants and/or parasitic infections. Most contaminants and gastro-intestinal parasites are obtained through prey ingestion, and thus the causes of sex differences in the distribution of these factors might follow similar pathwa
PMID 26896579

Japanese Journal

沖縄島に生息するマングースの内部寄生虫保有調査

石橋治,外村浩幸,佐藤毅史,藤根誠道,川端一幸,角野敬行,我如古創,浅川満彦,小倉剛,砂川勝徳,仲田正
日本野生動物医学会誌 15(2), 87-93, 2010
沖縄産マングースについて内部寄生虫の調査を行った。マングースの直腸糞を用いてMGL法による虫卵検査（n=186）を行い，鞭虫卵（42.5％），鉤虫卵（22.6％），回虫卵（2.2％）およびコクシジウムのオーシスト（81.2％）を検出した。消化管内容物（n=158）から，条虫として<I>Mesocestoides</I> sp.（3.8％）を，線虫として<I>Pr …
NAID 130000823169

Evaluation of Echinococcus multilocularis tetraspanins as vaccine candidates against primary alveolar echinococcosis

Dang Zhisheng,Yagi Kinpei,Oku Yuzaburo,Kouguchi Hirokazu,Kajino Kiichi,Watanabe Junichi,Matsumoto Jun,Nakao Ryo,Wakaguri Hiroyuki,Toyoda Atsushi,Sugimoto Chihiro
Vaccine 27(52), 7339-7345, 2009-12-09
… Echinococcus multilocularis causes an important zoonotic cestode disease. … multilocularis primary experimental infection in BALB/c mice. …
NAID 120001821839

Evaluation of Marked Rise in Fecal Egg Output after Bithionol Administration to Horse and its Application as a Diagnostic Marker for Equine Anoplocephala perfoliata Infection

Sanada Yoshinori,Senba Hiroyuki,Mochizuki Rieko [他],ARAKAKI Hidemi,GOTOH Tadahiro,FUKUMOTO Shin-ichiro,NAGAHATA Hajime
日本獣醫學会会誌 71(5), 617-620, 2009
… infection, the impact of deworming was examined in 12 Thoroughbreds to which bithionol (5-10 mg/kg body weight) was administered and feces were examined by the modified Wisconsin method using sucrose solution. … One day after the administration, cestode eggs were detected in previously fecal egg-negative 3 horses and increased in the other 9 horses. …
NAID 130000134373