出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2018/07/27 06:07:44」(JST)
Viral hepatitis | |
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Micrograph showing ground glass hepatocytes, which are seen in chronic hepatitis B infections (a type of viral hepatitis), and represent accumulations of viral antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum. H&E stain. | |
Specialty | Infectious disease, Gastroenterology |
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection.[1][2] It may present in acute (recent infection, relatively rapid onset) or chronic forms.
The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E. In addition to the nominal hepatitis viruses, other viruses that can also cause liver inflammation include cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and yellow fever. Up to 1997 there has been also 52 cases of viral hepatitis caused by herpes simplex virus.[3]
There is the opportunity to prevent or treat the most common types.[4] Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available but expensive.[4]
In 2013 about 1.5 million people died from viral hepatitis.[4] Most deaths are due to hepatitis B and hepatitis C.[4] East Asia is the region of the world most affected.[4]
The most common cause of hepatitis is viral. Although they are classified under the disease hepatitis, these viruses are not all related.
HAV | HBV | HCV | HDV | HEV | |
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Transmission | Enteral | Parenteral | Parenteral | Parenteral | Enteral |
Classification | Picornavirus | Orthohepadnavirus | Hepacivirus | Deltavirus | Hepevirus |
Genome | +ssRNA | dsDNA-RT | +ssRNA | −ssRNA | +ssRNA |
Antigens | HBsAg, HBeAg | Core antigen | Delta antigen | ||
Incubation period | 20–40 days | 45–160 days | 15–150 days | 30–60 days | 15–60 days |
Severity/Chronicity[5] | Mild; acute | Occasionally severe; 5–10% chronic | Subclinical; 70% chronic | Exacerbates symptoms of HBV; chronic w/ HBV | Normal patients, mild; pregnant women, severe; acute |
Vaccine | 10 year protection | 3 injections, lifetime protection | None available | None available | Investigational (approved in China) |
Hepatitis A or infectious jaundice is caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus transmitted by the fecal-oral route often associated with ingestion of contaminated food. It causes an acute form of hepatitis and does not have a chronic stage. The patient's immune system makes antibodies against HAV that confer immunity against future infection. People with hepatitis A are advised to rest, stay hydrated and avoid alcohol. A vaccine is available that will prevent HAV infection for up to 10 years. Hepatitis A can be spread through personal contact, consumption of raw sea food, or drinking contaminated water. This occurs primarily in third world countries. Strict personal hygiene and the avoidance of raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. Infected people excrete HAV with their feces two weeks before and one week after the appearance of jaundice. The time between the infection and the start of the illness averages 28 days (ranging from 15 to 50 days),[6] and most recover fully within 2 months, although approximately 15% of sufferers may experience continuous or relapsing symptoms from six months to a year following initial diagnosis.[7]
Marker | Detection Time | Description | Significance |
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Faecal HAV | 2–4 weeks or 28 days | – | Early detection |
Ig M anti HAV | 4–12 weeks | Enzyme immunoassay for antibodies | During acute Illness |
Ig G anti HAV | 5 weeks–persistent | Enzyme immunoassay for antibodies | Old infection or reinfection |
Hepatitis B is caused by hepatitis B virus, a hepadnavirus that can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis develops in the 15% of adults who are unable to eliminate the virus after an initial infection. Identified methods of transmission include blood (blood transfusion, now rare), unsanitary tattoos, sexually (through sexual intercourse or through contact with blood or bodily fluids), or via mother to child by breast feeding[citation needed] (minimal evidence of transplacental crossing). However, in about half of cases the source of infection cannot be determined. Blood contact can occur by sharing syringes in intravenous drug use, shaving accessories such as razor blades, or touching wounds on infected persons. Needle-exchange programmes have been created in many countries as a form of prevention.
Patients with chronic hepatitis B have antibodies against hepatitis B, but these antibodies are not enough to clear the infection of the affected liver cells. The continued production of virus combined with antibodies is a likely cause of the immune complex disease seen in these patients. A vaccine is available that will prevent infection from hepatitis B for life. Hepatitis B infections result in 500,000 to 1,200,000 deaths per year worldwide due to the complications of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B is endemic in a number of (mainly South-East Asian) countries, making cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma big killers. There are six treatment options approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) available for persons with a chronic hepatitis B infection: alpha-interferon, pegylated interferon, adefovir, entecavir, telbivudine, and lamivudine. About 65% of persons on treatment achieve a sustained response.
Hepatitis C (originally "non-A non-B hepatitis") is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), an RNA virus that is a member of the family Flaviviridae. HCV can be transmitted through contact with blood (including through sexual contact if the two parties' blood is mixed) and can also cross the placenta. Hepatitis C usually leads to chronic hepatitis, culminating in cirrhosis in some people. It usually remains asymptomatic for decades. Patients with hepatitis C are susceptible to severe hepatitis if they contract either hepatitis A or B, so all persons with hepatitis C should be immunized against hepatitis A and hepatitis B if they are not already immune, and avoid alcohol. HCV viral levels can be reduced to undetectable levels by a combination of interferon and the antiviral drug ribavirin. The genotype of the virus is the primary determinant of the rate of response to this treatment regimen, with genotype 1 being the most resistant.
Hepatitis C is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States.[9]
Marker | Detection Time | Description | Significance | Note |
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HCV-RNA | 1–3 weeks or 21 days | PCR | Demonstrates presence or absence of virus | Results may be intermittent during course of infection. Negative result is not indicative of absence. |
anti-HCV | 5–6 weeks | Enzyme Immunoassay for antibodies | Demonstrates past or present infection | High false positive in those with autoimmune disorders and populations with low virus prevalence. |
ALT | 5–6 weeks | – | Peak in ALT coincides with peak in anti-HCV | Fluctuating ALT levels is an indication of active liver disease. |
The Hepatitis D virus (HDV) or hepatitis delta agent belongs to the genus Deltavirus, is similar to a viroid as it can only propagate in the presence of the hepatitis B virus. HDV is a defective virus as it depends on the helper function of HBV for its replication and expression. HDV causes Type D Hepatitis & has no independent existence and can survive and replicate as long as HBV infection persists in the host body.
The Hepatitis E virus (HEV), from the family Hepeviridae, produces symptoms similar to hepatitis A, although it can take a fulminant course in some patients, particularly pregnant women; chronic infections may occur in immune-compromised patients. It is more prevalent in the Indian subcontinent.
Hepatitis F virus (HFV) is a hypothetical virus linked to hepatitis. Several hepatitis F virus candidates emerged in the 1990s; none of these reports have been substantiated.
The GB virus C is another potential viral cause of hepatitis that is probably spread by blood and sexual contact.[11] It was initially identified as Hepatitis G virus.[12] There is very little evidence that this virus causes hepatitis, as it does not appear to replicate primarily in the liver.[13] It is now classified as GB virus C.[14]
The first virus capable of causing hepatitis was the yellow fever virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus. Other viruses than can cause hepatitis include:
KIs-V is a virus isolated in 2011 from four patients with raised serum alanine transferases without other known cause. A causal role is suspected.[23]
Classification |
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Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases (A80–B34, 042–079) | |||||||||
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Oncovirus |
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Immune disorders |
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Central nervous system |
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Cardiovascular |
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Respiratory system/ acute viral nasopharyngitis/ viral pneumonia |
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Human digestive system |
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Urogenital |
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Diseases of the digestive system (primarily K20–K93, 530–579) | |||||||||||
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Upper GI tract |
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Lower GI tract: Intestinal/ Enteropathy |
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GI bleeding/BIS |
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Accessory |
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Abdominopelvic |
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リンク元 | 「ウイルス性肝炎」「ウイルス肝炎」「virus hepatitis」 |
拡張検索 | 「acute viral hepatitis」「chronic viral hepatitis」「human viral hepatitis」 |
関連記事 | 「viral」 |
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