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relating to the sense of equilibrium

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nucleusの複数形

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/01 22:46:50」(JST)

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The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve.

In Terminologia Anatomica they are grouped in both the pons and the medulla in the brainstem.

Structure

Path

The fibers of the vestibular nerve enter the medulla oblongata on the medial side of those of the cochlear, and pass between the inferior peduncle and the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve.

They then divide into ascending and descending fibers. The latter end by arborizing around the cells of the medial nucleus, which is situated in the area acustica of the rhomboid fossa. The ascending fibers either end in the same manner or in the lateral nucleus, which is situated lateral to the area acustica and farther from the ventricular floor.

Some of the axons of the cells of the lateral nucleus, and possibly also of the medial nucleus, are continued upward through the inferior peduncle to the roof nuclei of the opposite side of the cerebellum, to which also other fibers of the vestibular root are prolonged without interruption in the nuclei of the medulla oblongata.

A second set of fibres from the medial and lateral nuclei end partly in the tegmentum, while the remainder ascend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus to arborize around the cells of the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve.

Fibres from the lateral vestibular nucleus also pass via the vestibulospinal tract, to anterior horn cells at many levels in the spinal cord, in order to co-ordinate head and trunk movements.

Subnuclei

There are 4 subnuclei; they are situated at the floor of the fourth ventricle.

Name	Location	Notes
medial vestibular nucleus (dorsal or chief vestibular nucleus)	medulla (floor of fourth ventricle)	corresponding to the lower part of the area acustica in the rhomboid fossa;^{[citation needed]} the caudal end of this nucleus is sometimes termed the descending or spinal vestibular nucleus.
lateral vestibular nucleus or nucleus of Deiters	medulla (upper)	consisting of large cells and situated in the lateral angle of the rhomboid fossa; the dorso-lateral part of this nucleus is sometimes termed the nucleus of Bechterew.
inferior vestibular nucleus	medulla (lower)
superior vestibular nucleus	pons

Additional images

Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented; dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red; sensory in blue.
Primary terminal nuclei of the afferent (sensory) cranial nerves schematically represented; lateral view.
Vestibulo-ocular reflex

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

External links

Illustration and text: Bs97/TEXT/P13/intro.htm at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical school
http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch6/s8ch6_29.htm
Parkinson.org
Motor Systems Cerebellum

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Short-term galvanic vestibular stimulation promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis in unilaterally labyrinthectomized rats.

Shaabani M1, Lotfi Y2, Karimian SM3, Rahgozar M4, Hooshmandi M5.
Brain research.Brain Res.2016 Oct 1;1648(Pt A):152-62. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.029. Epub 2016 Jul 18.
Current experimental research on the therapeutic effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has mainly focused on neurodegenerative disorders. However, it primarily stimulates the vestibular nuclei and could be potentially effective in modulating imbalance between them in the case of unilatera
PMID 27444558

Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide in vestibulo-sympathetic pathway neurons.

Holstein GR1,2,3, Friedrich VL Jr4, Martinelli GP5.
Experimental brain research.Exp Brain Res.2016 Oct;234(10):2747-60. doi: 10.1007/s00221-016-4725-2. Epub 2016 Jul 13.
Imidazole-4-acetic acid-ribotide (IAARP) is a putative neurotransmitter/modulator and an endogenous regulator of sympathetic drive, notably systemic blood pressure, through binding to imidazoline receptors. IAARP is present in neurons and processes throughout the CNS, but is particularly prevalent i
PMID 27411812

Noise-induced hearing loss: Neuropathic pain via Ntrk1 signaling.

Manohar S1, Dahar K2, Adler HJ2, Dalian D2, Salvi R2.
Molecular and cellular neurosciences.Mol Cell Neurosci.2016 Sep;75:101-12. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.07.005. Epub 2016 Jul 26.
Severe noise-induced damage to the inner ear leads to auditory nerve fiber degeneration thereby reducing the neural input to the cochlear nucleus (CN). Paradoxically, this leads to a significant increase in spontaneous activity in the CN which has been linked to tinnitus, hyperacusis and ear pain. T
PMID 27473923

Japanese Journal

幼児期のめまい・平衡障害

坂田英明,遠藤まゆみ,加我君孝
Equilibrium research 71(4), 253-263, 2012-08-01
… This type of vertigo reflects ischemia of the vestibular nuclei involving the pons to medulla oblongata. …
NAID 10031026794

聴覚を守る術中持続聴覚モニタリングと蝸牛神経マッピング : 聴神経腫瘍手術と前庭神経切断術での新技術

宮崎日出海,三浦正寛,三浦康士郎,中島正明,中冨浩文
Otology Japan 22(3), 191-197, 2012-07-25
聴覚温存手術のためには、従来の聴性脳幹反応や蝸牛神経活動電位よりも反応が鋭敏で安定して得られ、かつ、手術操作を止めることなく持続的な情報を術者に提示する新たな聴覚モニタリングが必要であると考えた。私どもが開発した術中持続聴覚モニタリング手術の特徴は、モニタリング電位の変化によって蝸牛神経のダメージをリアルタイムに知ることであり、それに従って手術部位や操作を変え、時には電位回復のために全ての操作を中 …
NAID 10030958999

総説 : 自律神経と末梢前庭器 : 末梢前庭系における分子生物学的考察

北原糺
Equilibrium research 71(3), 200-206, 2012-06-01
… Beta 1-ARs in the strial marginal cells and vestibular dark cells have a regulatory role on endolymph production. … Beta 2-ARs show significant long-lasting up-regulation not only in the affected side of the vestibular ganglion (VG) but also in the healthy side, when a great imbalance exists between bilateral vestibular nuclei (VN) activities. …
NAID 10030781927

「medial vestibular nucleus」

Vestibular nuclei
	Dissection of brainstem. Dorsal view. (Caption for "Vestibular nucleus" is visible at left.)
Details
Part of	Medulla
System	Vestibular system
Artery	AICA
Identifiers
Latin	nuclei vestibulares
NeuroNames	hier-711
NeuroLex ID	Vestibular nuclear complex
TA	A14.1.04.242; A14.1.05.425
FMA	72239
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]