WordNet

of the margin of a leaf shape; not broken up into teeth
the act of smoothing; "he gave his hair a quick smooth"
free from obstructions; "smooth the way towards peace negotiations" (同)smooth out
make smooth or smoother, as if by rubbing; "smooth the surface of the wood" (同)smoothen
having a surface free from roughness or bumps or ridges or irregularities; "smooth skin"; "a smooth tabletop"; "smooth fabric"; "a smooth road"; "water as smooth as a mirror"
lacking obstructions or difficulties; "the bills path through the legislature was smooth and orderly"
of motion that runs or flows or proceeds without jolts or turbulence; "a smooth ride"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"
of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids; "vascular constriction"; "a vascular bundle"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(表面が)『滑らかな』,すべすべした;『平らな』平坦(へいたん)な / (動きが)円滑な,揺れのない / (物事が)すらすら運ぶ,順調な,平隠な / (味など)滑らかな;(練り粉など)つぶつぶ(むら)のない / 愛想のよい,取り入るような / …‘を'『滑らかにする』,平らにする,〈髪など〉‘を'なでつける《+『out(down)』+『名,』+『名』+『out(down)』》 / 〈物事〉‘を'容易にする,円滑にする《+『away(out)』+『名,』+『away(out)』》 / 〈人・気持ちなど〉‘を'静める,和らげる《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》 / 滑らか(平ら)になる;隠やかになる《+『down』》 / =smoothly
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
(血液・樹液などを運ぶ)管の,導管の,血管の
筋肉の,筋力のある / 力ずくの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/07 19:31:12」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Diagram showing the location of vascular smooth muscle cells

Vascular smooth muscle cells, isolated from human aorta, growing and forming a monolayer in cell culture.

Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.

Function

Vascular smooth muscle contracts or relaxes to both change the volume of blood vessels and the local blood pressure, a mechanism that is responsible for the redistribution of the blood within the body to areas where it is needed (i.e. areas with temporarily enhanced oxygen consumption). Thus the main function of vascular smooth muscle tonus is to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body. Excessive vasoconstriction leads to high blood pressure, while excessive vasodilation as in shock leads to low blood pressure.

Arteries have a great deal more smooth muscle within their walls than veins, thus their greater wall thickness. This is because they have to carry pumped blood away from the heart to all the organs and tissues that need the oxygenated blood. The endothelial lining of each is similar.

Innervation

Vascular smooth muscle is innervated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors). Three types of adrenoceptors are present within vascular smooth muscle cells: , and . The main endogenous agonist of these cell receptors is norepinephrine (NE).

The adrenergic receptors exert opposite physiologic effects in the vascular smooth muscle under activation:

receptors. Under NE binding receptors cause vasoconstriction i.e. contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells decreasing the diameter of the vessels. receptors are activated in response to shock or low blood pressure as a defensive reaction trying to restore the normal blood pressure. Antagonists of receptors (doxazosin, prazosin) cause vasodilation i.e. decrease in vascular smooth muscle tone with increase of vessel diameter and decrease of the blood pressure. (See also receptor antagonist)

receptors. Agonists of receptors in the vascular smooth muscle lead to vasoconstriction. However, in clinical practice applied intravenously drugs being agonists of receptors (clonidine) leads to powerful vasodilation and decrease in the blood pressure by presynaptic activation of receptors in the sympathetic ganglia. This presynaptic effect is predominant and completely overrides the vasoconstrictive effect of the receptors in the vascular smooth muscle.^{[citation needed]}

receptors. Agonism at receptors causes vasodilation and low blood pressure, i.e. the effect is opposite of the one resulting from activation of and receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells. Usage of agonists of receptors as hypotensive agents is less widespread due to adverse effects such as unnecessary bronchodilation in lungs and increase in blood sugar levels.

External links

Image of smooth muscle in the arterial walls
Smooth muscle in stomach wall

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Switch in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle.

Scirocco A1, Matarrese P2,3, Carabotti M1, Ascione B2, Malorni W2,4, Severi C1.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2016 Feb;231(2):295-302. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25105.
As a general rule, smooth muscle cells (SMC) are able to switch from a contractile phenotype to a less mature synthetic phenotype. This switch is accompanied by a loss of differentiation with decreased expression of contractile markers, increased proliferation as well as the synthesis and the releas
PMID 26206426

Potential Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Regulation of Myocardin Activity in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.

Zhou YX1, Shi Z1, Singh P1, Yin H1, Yu YN2, Li L2, Walsh MP1, Gui Y3, Zheng XL1.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2016 Feb;231(2):393-402. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25084.
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, a serine/threonine kinase with an inhibitory role in glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes and skeletal muscle, is also expressed in cardiac and smooth muscles. Inhibition of GSK-3β results in cardiac hypertrophy through reducing phosphorylation and increasing transc
PMID 26129946

Identification of transcription factors and gene clusters in rabbit smooth muscle cells during high flow-induced vascular remodeling via microarray.

Zhang Z1, Yang P1, Yao P2, Dai D1, Yu Y1, Zhou Y1, Huang Q3, Liu J4.
Gene.Gene.2016 Jan 10;575(2 Pt 2):407-14. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.011. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
PMID 26361845

Japanese Journal

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Is Essential to Maintain Endothelial Progenitor Cell Phenotype in TR-BME2 Cells

Sai Yoshimichi,Nishimura Tomohiro,Muta Mariko [他]
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 37(4), 688-693, 2014-04
NAID 40020030260

Activation of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblast-like cells after chemotherapy with gemcitabine in a rat orthotopic pancreatic cancer model

Yamao Jun,Toyokawa Hideyoshi,Kim Songtae [他]
Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, the Asian-Pacific Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, the Japan Biliary Association 20(2), 206-213, 2013
NAID 40019588493

肺高血圧症におけるCa2+感受性受容体の機能亢進

山村彩,山村寿男,Jason X.-J. Yuan
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 133(12), 1351-1359, 2013
… Pulmonary vascular remodeling and sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction are the major causes for the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in PAH. … The pathogenic mechanisms involved in the pulmonary vascular abnormalities in PAH remain unclear. …
NAID 130003382290