筋細胞、筋肉細胞

関: mature muscle cell、myocyte

WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
筋肉の,筋力のある / 力ずくの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/18 07:21:50」(JST)

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Overall structure of a muscle cell and neuromuscular junction:
1. Axon
2. Neuromuscular junction
3. Muscle fiber (Myocyte)

4. Myofibril

A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell or muscle fiber)^[1] is the type of cell found in muscle tissue. Myocytes are long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as myogenesis.^[2] There are various specialized forms of myocytes: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells, with various properties. Cardiac myocytes are responsible for generating the electrical impulses that control the heart rate, among other things. Skeletal muscle fibers tend to have peripheral nuclei while cardiac muscle fibers are centronucleated.^[3]

Terminology

The unusual microstructure of muscle cells has led cell biologists to create specialized terminology. However, each term specific to muscle cells has a counterpart that is used in the terminology applied to other types of cells:

Muscle cell	Other organismal cells
sarcoplasm	cytoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum	smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
sarcosome	mitochondrion
sarcolemma	cell membrane or plasma membrane

Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the endomysium.^[4]

The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. Most of the sarcoplasm is filled with myofibrils, which are long protein cords composed of myofilaments. The sarcoplasm is also composed of glycogen, which provides energy to the cell with heightened exercise, and myoglobin, the red pigment that stores oxygen until needed for muscular activity.^[4]

There are three types of myofilaments:^[5]

Thick filaments are composed of protein molecules called myosin. In striations of muscle bands, these are the dark filaments that make up the A band.

Thin filaments are composed of protein molecules called actin. In striations of muscle bands, these are the light filaments that make up the I band.

Elastic filaments are composed of titin, a large springy protein; these filaments anchor the thick filaments to the Z disc.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR), also known as the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, forms a network around each myofibril of the muscle fiber. This network is composed of groupings of two dilated end-sacs called terminal cisternae, and a single transverse tubule, or T tubule, which bore through the cell and emerge on the other side; together these three components form the triads that exist within the network of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, in which each T tubule has two terminal cisternae on each side of it. The SR serves as reservoir for calcium ions, in which the T tubule signals the SR to release calcium from the gated membrane channels to stimulate a muscle contraction.^[6]^[7]

The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber. Within the muscle fiber pressed against the sarcolemma are multiple flattened nuclei; this multinuclear condition results from multiple myoblasts fusing to produce each muscle fiber where each myoblast contributes one nucleus. ^[4]

Myofibrils

Portion of a myofibril, showing sarcomere structure:
S = Sarcomere, unit of muscle function
A = A-band, region of myosin
I = I-band, region of actin
H = H-zone, region of just myosin
Z = Z-line, sarcomere boundary

M = M-line, sarcomere center

Each myocyte contains myofibrils, which are very long chains of sarcomeres, the contractile units of the cell. A cell from the biceps brachii muscle may contain 100,000 sarcomeres.^[8] The myofibrils of smooth muscle cells are not arranged into sarcomeres. The sarcomeres are composed of thin and thick filaments. Thin filaments are actin filaments, whereas thick filaments consist of an arrangement of myosin proteins. The sarcomere does not contain organelles or a nucleus. Individual myocytes are surrounded by endomysium.

Myocytes are bound together by perimysium into bundles called fascicles; the bundles are then grouped together to form muscle tissue, which is enclosed in a sheath of epimysium. Muscle spindles are distributed throughout the muscles and provide sensory feedback information to the central nervous system.

Functional control

Kindlin-2 plays a role in elongation.^[9]

GATA4 and GATA6 play a role in differentiation.^[10]

Myoblasts

A myoblast is a type of embryonic progenitor cell that differentiates to give rise to muscle cells.^[11]

Skeletal muscle fibers are made when myoblasts fuse together; muscle fibers therefore have multiple nuclei (each nucleus originating from a single myoblast). The fusion of myoblasts is specific to skeletal muscle (e.g., biceps brachii) and not cardiac muscle or smooth muscle.

Myoblasts that do not form muscle fibers dedifferentiate back into satellite cells. These satellite cells remain adjacent to a muscle fiber, situated between the sarcolemma and the endomysium (the connective tissue investment that divides the muscle fascicles into individual fibers).

References

^ "myocyte" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Myocytes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ "Does anyone know why skeletal muscle fibers have peripheral nuclei, but the cardiomyocytes not? What are the functional advantages?". ResearchGate.
^ ^a ^b ^c Saladin, Kenneth S. "Chapter 11: Support and Movement." Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. 403. Print.
^ Saladin, Kenneth S. "Chapter 11: Support and Movement." Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. 404-05. Print.
^ Saladin, Kenneth S. "Chapter 11: Support and Movement." Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. 404. Print.
^ Sugi, Haruo, et al. "Enhancement Of Force Generated By Individual Myosin Heads In Skinned Rabbit Psoas Muscle Fibers At Low Ionic Strength." Plos ONE 8.5 (2013): 1-8. Academic Search Complete. Web. 8 Dec. 2013.
^ Assuming that the length of biceps is 20 cm and the length of sarcomere is 2 micrometer, there are 100,000 sarcomeres along the length of biceps.
^ Dowling JJ, Vreede AP, Kim S, Golden J, Feldman EL (2008). "Kindlin-2 is required for myocyte elongation and is essential for myogenesis". BMC Cell Biol. 9: 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2121-9-36. PMC 2478659. PMID 18611274.
^ Zhao R, Watt AJ, Battle MA, Li J, Bondow BJ, Duncan SA (May 2008). "Loss of both GATA4 and GATA6 blocks cardiac myocyte differentiation and results in acardia in mice". Dev. Biol. 317 (2): 614–9. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.013. PMC 2423416. PMID 18400219.
^ page 395, Biology, Fifth Edition, Campbell, 1999

External links

Structure of a Muscle Cell

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「myocyte」「筋線維」「mature muscle cell」「筋細胞」「筋肉細胞」
拡張検索	「heart muscle cell」「smooth muscle cell」「skeletal muscle cell」
関連記事	「cell」「muscle」