Histological section taken from the gastric antrum, showing the mucosa of the stomach
Details
Precursor
endoderm
Identifiers
Latin
tunica mucosa
MeSH
D009092
TA
A05.4.01.015
Anatomical terms of microanatomy
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This article is one of a series on the
Gastrointestinal wall
General structure
Epithelium
Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosa
Adventitia
Specific
Meissner's plexus
Auerbach's plexus
Organs
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
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A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. It is mostly of endodermal origin and is continuous with the skin at various body openings such as the eyes, ears, inside the nose, inside the mouth, lip, vagina, the urethral opening and the anus. Some mucous membranes secrete mucus, a thick protective fluid. The function of the membrane is to stop pathogens and dirt from entering the body and to prevent bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated.
Contents
1Structure
1.1Development
2Function
2.1Nutrition
3See also
4References
Structure
The mucosa of organs are composed of one or more layers of epithelial cells that secrete mucus, and an underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue.[1] The type of cells and type of mucus secreted vary from organ to organ and each can differ along a given tract.[2]
Mucous membranes line the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts and are the primary barrier between the external world and the interior of the body; in an adult human the total surface area of the mucosa is about 400 square meters while the surface area of the skin is about 2 square meters.[3]:1 They are at several places contiguous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips of the mouth, the eyelids, the ears, the genital area, and the anus.[1] Along with providing a physical barrier, they also contain key parts of the immune system and serve as the interface between the body proper and the microbiome.[2]:437
Some examples include:
Bronchial mucosa and the lining of vocal folds
Endometrium: the mucosa of the uterus
Esophageal mucosa
Gastric mucosa
Intestinal mucosa
Nasal mucosa
Olfactory mucosa
Oral mucosa
Penile mucosa
Vaginal mucosa
Frenulum of tongue
Tongue
Anal canal
Palpebral conjunctiva
Development
Developmentally, the majority of mucous membranes are of endodermal origin.[4] Exceptions include the palate, cheeks, floor of the mouth, gums, lips and the portion of the anal canal below the pectinate line, which are all ectodermal in origin.[5][6]
Function
One of its functions is to keep the tissue moist (for example in the respiratory tract, including the mouth and nose).[2]:480 It also plays a role in absorbing and transforming nutrients.[2]:5,813 Mucous membranes also protect the body from itself; for instance mucosa in the stomach protects it from stomach acid,[2]:384,797 and mucosa lining the bladder protects the underlying tissue from urine.[7] In the uterus, the mucous membrane is called the endometrium, and it swells each month and is then eliminated during menstruation.[2]:1019
Nutrition
Niacin[2]:876 and vitamin A are essential nutrients that help maintain mucous membranes.[8]
See also
Mucin
Mucociliary clearance
Mucocutaneous boundary
Mucosal immunology
Alkaline mucus
Rete pegs
References
^ ab"Mucous membrane". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ abcdefgGuyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2005). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
^Sompayrac, Lauren (2012). How the Immune System Works (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 9781118290446.
^"Chapter 25. Germ Layers and Their Derivatives - Review of Medical Embryology Book - LifeMap Discovery". discovery.lifemapsc.com. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
^Squier, Christopher; Brogden, Kim (2010-12-29). "Chapter 7, Development and aging of the oral mucosa". Human Oral Mucosa: Development, Structure and Function. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470959732.
^Schoenwolf, Gary C.; Bleyl, Steven B.; Brauer, Philip R.; Francis-West, Philippa H. (2014-12-01). Larsen's Human Embryology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 372. ISBN 9781455727919.
^Fry, CH; Vahabi, B (October 2016). "The Role of the Mucosa in Normal and Abnormal Bladder Function". Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 119 Suppl 3: 57–62. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12626. PMC 5555362. PMID 27228303.
^"Vitamin A". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. February 2, 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
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Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth
Upper
Pharynx
Muscles
Spaces
peripharyngeal
retropharyngeal
parapharyngeal
retrovisceral
danger
prevertebral
Pterygomandibular raphe
Pharyngeal raphe
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Piriform sinus
Esophagus
Sphincters
upper
lower
glands
Stomach
Curvatures
greater
lesser
Angular incisure
Cardia
Body
Fundus
Pylorus
antrum
canal
sphincter
Gastric mucosa
Gastric folds
Microanatomy
Gastric pits
Gastric glands
Cardiac glands
Fundic glands
Pyloric glands
Foveolar cell
Parietal cell
Gastric chief cell
Enterochromaffin-like cell
Lower
Small intestine
Microanatomy
Intestinal villus
Intestinal gland
Enterocyte
Enteroendocrine cell
Goblet cell
Paneth cell
Duodenum
Suspensory muscle
Major duodenal papilla
Minor duodenal papilla
Duodenojejunal flexure
Brunner's glands
Jejunum
No substructures
Ileum
Ileocecal valve
Peyer's patches
Microfold cell
Large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Ascending colon
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Continuous
taenia coli
haustra
epiploic appendix
Rectum
Transverse folds
Ampulla
Anal canal
Anus
Anal columns
Anal valves
Anal sinuses
Pectinate line
Internal anal sphincter
Intersphincteric groove
External anal sphincter
Wall
Serosa / Adventitia
Subserosa
Muscular layer
Submucosa
Circular folds
Mucosa
Muscularis mucosa
v
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Anatomy of the urinary system
Kidneys
Layers
Fascia
Capsule
Cortex
column
Medulla
sinus
pyramids
medullary interstitium
Lobe
Cortical lobule
Medullary ray
Nephron
Circulation
Arteries
Renal artery
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular
afferent
Veins
Renal vein
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
arcuate
interlobar
efferent
Nephron
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocyte
Filtration slits
Mesangium
Intraglomerular mesangial cell
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Descending
Thin ascending
Thick ascending
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct system
Connecting tubule
Papillary duct
Tubular fluid
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangium
Extraglomerular mesangial cell
Ureters
Ureteropelvic junction
Bladder
Circulation
Vesical arteries
Vesical veins
Vaginal artery (female)
Detrusor muscle
Median umbilical ligament
Mucosa
Submucosa
Trigone
Urethra
Internal urethral orifice
Urethral sphincters
External
male
female
Internal
Male urethra
pre-prostatic
prostatic
intermediate
spongy
navicular fossa
Lacunae of Morgagni
urethral gland
Urinary meatus
Authority control
GND: 4179718-8
TA98: A05.4.01.015
UpToDate Contents
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… materials include: Autologous tissue (eg, saphenous vein, fascia lata, rectus fascia, tunica vaginalis, dermis, buccal mucosa). Vein patch is a commonly used autograft material and is harvested from the distal …
…the tunica albuginea of the corporal cavernosa ruptures. Penile fracture occurs in the erect state when the circular tunica albuginea fibers are stretched and subsequently thinned out. The tunica is weakest… the urethral mucosa is reapproximated using interrupted sutures (5-0 absorbable).…
…World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms: Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) Nodal marginal zone lymphoma ; Splenic marginal zone …
…World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms: Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) Nodal marginal zone lymphoma ; Splenic marginal zone …
… fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis. If fixation of the lower pole of the testis to the tunica vaginalis is insufficiently broad based or absent,… the appendiceal wall contains all of the layers of the colonic wall: mucosa,…
English Journal
Design and synthesis of mucoadhesive nanogel containing farnesol: investigation of the effect on HWP1, SAP6 and Rim101 genes expression of Candida albicans in vitro.
Nikoomanesh F, Roudbarmohammadi S, Khoobi M, Haghighi F, Roudbary M.
Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2019 Dec;47(1)64-72.
The evolution of drug resistance of Candida species to conventional antifungal agents has been a major medical challenge worldwide; attempt to use the potential antifungal agents with appropriate therapy efficacy and minimum effects is considerably growing. This study was conducted to evaluate the u
Nontoxic concentrations of OTA aggravate DON-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in IPEC-J2 cells via activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.
Ying C, Hong W, Nianhui Z, Chunlei W, Kehe H, Cuiling P.
Toxicology letters. 2019 Sep;311()114-124.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is well-known enteropathogenic mycotoxin which can alter intestinal barrier functions. Consistently, Ochratoxin A (OTA) ingestion has been found to induce intestinal injuries, including inflammation and diarrhea. However, little is known whether OTA aggravates DON-induced toxici
Chemical features of the oligochitosan-glycated caseinate digest and its enhanced protection on barrier function of the acrylamide-injured IEC-6 cells.
Shi J, Zhao XH.
Food chemistry. 2019 Aug;290()246-254.
Whether caseinate oligochitosan-glycation of the transglutaminase-type followed by trypsin digestion could lead to better protection against the acrylamide-induced cell barrier damage was investigated. Compared with caseinate digest, glycated caseinate digest had similar amount of Lys and Arg but lo
日本獸醫學雜誌(The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science)
AMIRY Ahmad Faisal,KIGATA Tetsuhito,SHIBATA Hideshi
Ｔｈｅ Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｖｅｔｅｒｉｎａｒｙ Ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ, 2019
… Moreover, the thickness of the mucosa in the fusus coli and that of the inner and outer layers of the tunica muscularis in the rectum were greater than that of the other segments. … Mucous cells in the mucosa were the fewest in the cecum and most numerous in the fusus coli. …
… Grossly, a solid mass pushing up the tunica serosa was observed in the duodenal wall. … Histologically, the tumor was located in the lamina propria mucosae and tela mucosa. …
tunica muscula´ris the muscular coat or layer surrounding the tela submucosa in most portions of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and genital tracts. ... A mucous tissue lining various tubular structures consisting of epithelium ...
Na bexiga a mucosa é constituída por um epitélio de transição e por uma lâmina própria de tecido conjuntivo que varia de frouxo ao denso, sendo que as células mais superficiais do epitélio de transição são responsáveis pela barreira ...