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- トピラマート、Topamax
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/09 00:16:41」(JST)
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
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2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate
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| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Topamax, Trokendi XR |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a697012 |
| License data |
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| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 80% |
| Protein binding | 13–17%; 15–41% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (20–30%) |
| Biological half-life | 19–25 hours |
| Excretion | Urine (70–80%) |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 97240-79-4 Y |
| ATC code | N03AX11 (WHO) |
| PubChem | CID 5284627 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 6849 |
| DrugBank | DB00273 N |
| ChemSpider | 4447672 Y |
| UNII | 0H73WJJ391 Y |
| KEGG | D00537 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL220492 Y |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C12H21NO8S |
| Molar mass | 339.363 g/mol |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| NY (what is this?) (verify) | |
Topiramate (brand name Topamax) is an anticonvulsant (antiepilepsy) drug. In late 2012, topiramate was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in combination with phentermine for weight loss. The drug had previously been used off-label for this purpose. Topiramate was originally produced by Ortho-McNeil Neurologics and Noramco, Inc., both divisions of the Johnson & Johnson Corporation. This medication was discovered in 1979 by Bruce E. Maryanoff and Joseph F. Gardocki during their research work at McNeil Pharmaceutical.[1][2][3]
Topiramate came into commercial use in 1996.[4] Generic versions are available in Canada and these were approved by the FDA in September 2006. Mylan Pharmaceuticals was recently granted final approval for generic topiramate by the FDA for sale in the United States.[5] The last patent for topiramate in the U.S. was for use in children and expired on February 28, 2009.[6]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Research and off-label
- 2 Warnings and contraindications
- 3 Adverse effects
- 4 Overdose
- 5 Interactions
- 6 Pharmacology
- 6.1 Detection in body fluids
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Medical uses
Topiramate is used to treat epilepsy in children and adults, and it was originally used as an anticonvulsant.[7] In children, it is indicated for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a disorder that causes seizures and developmental delay. It is also Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for, and most frequently prescribed for, the prevention of migraines.[7] The drug is also used to treat migraines due to the effect it has on the blood vessels in the brain. It has been found to be increasingly effective for migraine sufferers with limited side effects.[8][9]
Research and off-label
| This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) |
Psychiatrists have used topiramate to treat bipolar disorder, although the available evidence does not support its use in any phase of bipolar disorder treatment.[10][11][12] A more recent review, published in 2010, suggested a benefit of topiramate in the treatment of symptoms of borderline personality disorder, however the authors note that this was based only on one randomized controlled trial and requires replication. Also the authors noted that the long-term effects have not been studied.[13]
This drug has been used as a treatment for alcoholism,[14] obesity[15][16] and antipsychotic-induced weight gain.[17][18]
The drug is also used in clinical trials to treat post traumatic stress disorder.[19] A pilot study suggested that topiramate is effective against infantile spasms.[20] Another study recommends topiramate as an effective treatment in the prevention of periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants after an hypoxic-ischemic injury.[21]
Recent clinical reports indicate that it may have mood stabilizing properties.[22] Other off-label and investigational uses of topiramate include the treatment of essential tremor, bulimia nervosa,[23] obsessive-compulsive disorder, idiopathic intracranial hypertension[24] and cluster headache.[25] Topiramate has not been shown to work as a pain medicine in diabetic neuropathy, the only neuropathic condition in which it has been adequately tested.[26] Dispensing errors have been reported between Topamax (topiramate) tablets and Toprol-XL (metoprolol succinate) extended-release tablets thereby requiring extra care to ensure the correct medication is being taken.[2]
Warnings and contraindications
People taking topiramate should be aware of the following risks:
- Avoid activities requiring mental alertness and coordination until drug effects are realized.
- Topiramate may impair heat regulation,[27] especially in children. Use caution with activities leading to an increased core temperature, such as strenuous exercise, exposure to extreme heat, or dehydration.
- Topiramate may cause visual field defects.[28]
- Topiramate may decrease effectiveness of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives.
- Taking topiramate in the 1st trimester of pregnancy may increase risk of cleft lip/cleft palate in infant.[29]
- As is the case for all antiepileptic drugs, it is advisable not to suddenly discontinue topiramate as there is a theoretical risk of rebound seizures.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects by incidence:[30][31][32][33]
Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Dizziness
- Weight loss
- Paraesthesia - e.g., pins and needles
- Somnolence
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Nasopharyngitis - common cold
- Depression
Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Weight gain
- Anaemia
- Disturbance in attention
- Memory impairment
- Amnesia
- Cognitive disorder
- Mental impairment
- Psychomotor skills impaired
- Convulsion
- Coordination abnormal
- Tremor
- Lethargy
- Hypoaesthesia
- Nystagmus
- Dysgeusia
- Balance disorder
- Dysarthria
- Intention tremor
- Sedation
- Blurred vision
- Diplopia
- Visual disturbance
- Vertigo
- Tinnitus
- Ear pain
- Dyspnoea
- Epistaxis
- Nasal congestion
- Rhinorrhoea
- Vomiting
- Constipation
- Abdominal pain upper
- Dyspepsia
- Abdominal pain
- Dry mouth
- Stomach discomfort
- Paraesthesia oral
- Gastritis
- Abdominal discomfort
- Nephrolithiasis
- Pollakisuria
- Dysuria
- Alopecia (hair loss)
- Rash
- Pruritus
- Arthralgia
- Muscle spasms
- Myalgia
- Muscle twitching
- Muscular weakness
- Musculoskeletal chest pain
- Anorexia
- Decreased appetite
- Pyrexia
- Asthenia
- Irritability
- Gait disturbance
- Feeling abnormal
- Malaise
- Hypersensitivity
- Bradyphrenia
- Insomnia
- Expressive language disorder
- Anxiety
- Confusional state
- Disorientation
- Aggression
- Mood altered
- Agitation
- Mood swings
- Anger
- Abnormal behaviour
Uncommon (0.1-1% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Crystal urine present
- Tandem gait test abnormal
- White blood cell count decreased
- Bradycardia
- Sinus bradycardia
- Palpitations
- Leucopenia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Lymphadenopathy
- Eosinophilia
- Depressed level of consciousness
- Grand mal convulsion
- Visual field defect
- Complex partial seizures
- Speech disorder
- Psychomotor hyperactivity
- Syncope, sensory disturbance
- Drooling
- Hypersomnia
- Aphasia
- Repetitive speech
- Hypokinesia
- Dyskinesia
- Dizziness postural
- Poor quality sleep
- Burning sensation
- Sensory loss
- Parosmia
- Cerebellar stroke syndrome
- Dysaesthesia
- Hypogeusia
- Stupor
- Clumsiness
- Aura
- Ageusia
- Dysgraphia
- Dysphasia
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Presyncope
- Dystonia
- Formication (the sensation of insects crawling under the skin)
- Visual acuity reduced
- Scotoma
- Myopia
- Abnormal sensation in eye
- Dry eye
- Photophobia
- Blepharospasm
- Lacrimation increased
- Photopsia
- Mydriasis
- Presbyopia
- Deafness
- Deafness unilateral
- Deafness neurosensory
- Ear discomfort
- Hearing impaired
- Dyspnoea exertional
- Paranasal sinus hypersecretion
- Dysphonia
- Pancreatitis
- Flatulence
- Gastrooesophageal reflux disease
- Lower abdominal pain
- Hypoaesthesia oral
- Gingival bleeding
- Abdominal distension
- Epigastric discomfort
- Abdominal tenderness
- Salivary hypersecretion
- Oral pain
- Breath odour
- Glossodynia
- Calculus urinary
- Urinary incontinence
- Haematuria (blood in urine)
- Incontinence
- Micturition urgency
- Renal colic
- Renal pain
- Anhidrosis
- Hypoaesthesia facial
- Urticaria
- Erythema
- Pruritus generalized
- Macular rash
- Skin discolouration
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Swelling face
- Joint swelling
- Musculoskeletal stiffness
- Flank pain
- Muscle fatigue
- Metabolic acidosis
- Hypokalaemia
- Increased appetite
- Polydipsia
- Hypotension
- Orthostatic hypotension flushing
- Hot flash
- Hyperthermia
- Thirst
- Influenza like illness
- Sluggishness
- Peripheral coldness
- Feeling drunk
- Feeling jittery
- Learning disability
- Erectile dysfunction
- Sexual dysfunction
- Suicidal ideation
- Suicide attempt
- Hallucination
- Psychotic disorder
- Apathy
- Lack of spontaneous speech
- Sleep disorder
- Affect lability
- Libido decreased
- Restlessness
- Crying
- Dysphemia
- Euphoric mood
- Paranoia
- Perseveration
- Panic attack
- Tearfulness
- Reading disorder
- Initial insomnia
- Flat affect
- Abnormal thinking
- Loss of libido
- Listless
- Middle insomnia
- Distractibility
- Early morning awakening
- Panic reaction
- Elevated mood
Rare (0.01-0.1% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Blood bicarbonate decreased
- Neutropaenia
- Apraxia
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
- Hyperaesthesia
- Hyposmia
- Anosmia
- Essential tremor
- Akinesia
- Unresponsive to stimuli
- Blindness unilateral
- Blindness transient
- Glaucoma
- Accommodation disorder
- Altered visual depth perception
- Scintillating scotoma
- Eyelid oedema
- Night blindness
- Amblyopia
- Calculus ureteric
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Erythema multiforme
- Skin odour abnormal
- Periorbital oedema
- Urticaria localised
- Limb discomfort
- Hyperchloraemic acidosis
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Face oedema
- Calcinosis
- Mania
- Anorgasmia
- Panic disorder
- Disturbance in sexual arousal
- Feeling of despair
- Abnormal orgasm
- Hypomania
- Orgasmic sensation decreased
Unknown incidence adverse effects include:
- Angle closure glaucoma
- Maculopathy
- Eye movement disorder
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis
- Allergic oedema
- Conjunctival oedema
Rarely, the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase may be strong enough to cause metabolic acidosis of clinical importance.[34]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has notified prescribers that topiramate can cause acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma in a small subset of people who take topiramate regularly.[35] The symptoms, which typically begin in the first month of use, include blurred vision and eye pain. Discontinuation of topiramate may halt the progression of the ocular damage, and may reverse the visual impairment.
Preliminary data suggests that, as with several other anti-epileptic drugs, topiramate carries an increased risk of congenital malformations.[36] This might be particularly important for women who take topiramate to prevent migraine attacks. In March 2011 the FDA notified healthcare professionals and patients of an increased risk of development of cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts) in infants born to women treated with Topamax (topiramate) during pregnancy and placed it in Pregnancy Category D.[29]
Topiramate has been associated with a statistically significant increase in suicidality,[37] and "suicidal thoughts or actions" is now listed as one of the possible side effects of the drug "in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500."[27][38]
Overdose
Symptoms of acute and acute on chronic exposure to topiramate range from asymptomatic to status epilepticus, including in patients with no seizure history.[39][40] In children, overdose may also result in hallucinations.[40] Topiramate has been deemed the primary substance that led to fatal overdoses in cases that were complicated by polydrug exposure.[41] The most common signs of overdose are dilated pupils, somnolence, dizziness, psychomotor agitation, and abnormal, uncoordinated body movements.[39][40][41]
Symptoms of overdose may include but are not limited to:[citation needed]
- Agitation
- Depression
- Speech problems
- Blurred vision, double vision
- Troubled thinking
- Loss of coordination
- Inability to respond to things around you
- Loss of consciousness
- Confusion and coma
- Fainting
- Upset stomach and stomach pain
- Loss of appetite and vomiting
- Shortness of breath; fast, shallow breathing
- Pounding or irregular heartbeat
- Muscle weakness
- Bone pain
- Seizures
A specific antidote is not available. Treatment is entirely supportive.
Interactions
Topiramate has many drug-drug interactions. Some of the most common are listed below:
- As topiramate inhibits carbonic anhydrase, use with other inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase (e.g. acetazolamide) increases the risk of kidney stones.[citation needed]
- Enzyme inducers (e.g. carbamazepine) can increase the elimination of topiramate, possibly necessitating dose escalations of topiramate.[citation needed]
- Topiramate may increase the plasma-levels of phenytoin.
- Topiramate itself is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19 and induces CYP3A4; a decrease in plasma levels of estrogens and digoxin has been noted during topiramate therapy. This can reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives (birth control pills); use of alternative birth control methods is recommended.[42] Neither intrauterine devices (IUDs) nor Depo-Provera are affected by topiramate.[42]
- Alcohol may cause increased sedation or drowsiness, and increase the risk of having a seizure.
- As listed in the 06/29/2005 label posted at the Drugs@FDA website page 14,'conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of Topiramate'.[43]
- Oligohidrosis and hyperthermia were reported in post-marketing reports about topiramate; antimuscarinic drugs (like trospium) can aggravate these disorders.[citation needed]
Pharmacology
Chemically, topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide, related to fructose, a rather unusual chemical structure for an anticonvulsant.
Topiramate is quickly absorbed after oral use. Most of the drug (70%) is excreted in the urine unchanged. The remainder is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose.
Several cellular targets have been proposed to be relevant to the therapeutic activity of topiramate.[44] These include (1) voltage-gated sodium channels; (2) high-voltage-activated calcium channels; (3) GABA-A receptors; (4) AMPA/kainate receptors; and (5) carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. There is evidence that topiramate may alter the activity of its targets by modifying their phosphorylation state instead of by a direct action.[45] The effect on sodium channels could be of particular relevance for seizure protection. Although topiramate does inhibit high-voltage-activated calcium channels, the relevance to clinical activity is uncertain. Effects on specific GABA-A receptor isoforms could also contribute to the antiseizure activity of the drug. Topiramate selectively inhibits cytosolic (type II) and membrane associated (type IV) forms of carbonic anhydrase. The action on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes may contribute to the drug’s side-effects, including its propensity to cause metabolic acidosis and calcium phosphate kidney stones.
Topiramate inhibits maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures as well as partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in the kindling model, findings predictive of a broad spectrum of activities clinically. Its action on mitochondrial permeability transition pores has been proposed as a mechanism.[46]
While many anticonvulsants have been associated with apoptosis in young animals, animal experiments have found that topiramate is the only anticonvulsant that does not induce apoptosis in young animals at doses needed to produce an anticonvulsant effect.[47]
Detection in body fluids
Blood, serum or plasma topiramate concentrations may be measured using immunoassay or chromatographic methods to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma levels are usually less than 10 mg/L during therapeutic administration, but can range from 10–150 mg/L in overdose victims.[48][49][50]
References
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- ^ Kudin, AP; Debska-Vielhaber, G; Vielhaber, S; Elger, CE; Kunz, WS (2004). "The mechanism of neuroprotection by topiramate in an animal model of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 45 (12): 1478–87. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.13504.x. PMID 15571505.
- ^ Czuczwar, K; Czuczwar, M; Cieszczyk, J; Gawlik, P; Luszczki, JJ; Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ (2004). "Neuroprotective activity of antiepileptic drugs". Przeglad lekarski. 61 (11): 1268–71. PMID 15727029.
- ^ Goswami D, Kumar A, Khuroo AH, et al. Bioanalytical LC-MS/MS method validation for plasma determination of topiramate in healthy Indian volunteers. Biomed. Chromatogr. 23: 1227-1241, 2009.
- ^ Brandt C; Elsner H; Füratsch N; et al. (2010). "Topiramate overdose: a case report of a patient with extremely high topiramate serum concentrations and nonconvulsive status epilepticus". Epilepsia. 51 (6): 1090–1093. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02395.x. PMID 19889015.
- ^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1567-1569.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Topiramate. |
- Topamax (topiramate): Treatment for Migraine Prevention
- Topamax: Treatment for Epilepsy
- Currently listed clinical trials related to topiramate
- FDA topiramate safety
- MSN article
- MedlinePlus: Topiramate
- FAQ: Topiramate (Topamax), Mood Disorders and PTSD
- RxList.com: Topiramate
- Focus on Topiramate - a new anti-epileptic, Ben Green, Priory Lodge Education Ltd., 1997-99. Version 1.1
- Topiramate bound to proteins in the PDB
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child.
- Weston J1, Bromley R, Jackson CF, Adab N, Clayton-Smith J, Greenhalgh J, Hounsome J, McKay AJ, Tudur Smith C, Marson AG.
- The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2016 Nov 7;11:CD010224. [Epub ahead of print]
- BACKGROUND: There is evidence that certain antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are teratogenic and are associated with an increased risk of congenital malformation. The majority of women with epilepsy continue taking AEDs throughout pregnancy; therefore it is important that comprehensive information on the p
- PMID 27819746
- How can we investigate the role of topiramate in the treatment of cocaine use disorder more thoroughly?
- Klimas J1,2,3, Wood E4,5, Werb D4,6.
- Addiction (Abingdon, England).Addiction.2016 Nov 3. doi: 10.1111/add.13618. [Epub ahead of print]
- PMID 27813211
- Meal replacements followed by topiramate for the treatment of adolescent severe obesity: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
- Fox CK1, Kaizer AM2, Rudser KD2, Nathan BM3, Gross AC3, Sunni M3, Jennifer Abuzzahab M4, Schwartz BL5, Kumar S6, Petryk A3, Billington CJ7,8, Ryder JR3, Kelly AS3,8.
- Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.).Obesity (Silver Spring).2016 Nov 3. doi: 10.1002/oby.21633. [Epub ahead of print]
- OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of short-term meal replacement therapy followed by topiramate for body mass index (BMI) reduction in adolescents with severe obesity.METHODS: Adolescents (ages 12-18 years) with severe obesity (BMI ≥1.2 times the 95th percentile or BMI ≥35 kg/m2 ) wer
- PMID 27807925
Japanese Journal
- ペランパネルがミトコンドリア病に伴うてんかん発作に奏功した1例
- 藤岡 かおる,金村 英秋,反頭 智子,矢ケ崎 英晃,相原 正男
- てんかん研究 36(3), 644-649, 2019
- <p>ミトコンドリア病に伴うてんかん発作にペランパネル（PER）の追加投与が有効であった1例を経験した。症例は12歳女児。12歳時に筋組織のragged-red fiberとm.15293A＞G変異の存在よりミトコンドリア病と診断した。同時期から視覚症状を中心とした発作が出現、後頭葉てんかんと診断した。クロバザム、レベチラセタムの内服を行ったが、視覚刺激に誘発される発作が月に数回続いた …
- NAID 130007585277
- Microseizures Induced by Topiramate
- Miyake Susumu,Sugita Makio,Okazaki Tomio,Takenaka Mieko,Kuwabara Kentarou,Ogawa Kazunori
- Acta Medica Okayama 72(4), 419-422, 2018-08
- … Although the introduction of topiramate (TPM) decreased the seizures during wakefulness, frequent episodes of brief eye-opening appeared during sleep while the patient was taking TPM (400 mg/day). …
- NAID 120006501289
- クロバザムとトピラマート (特集 てんかん診療 : すべての医師のための診断・治療のコツ) -- (てんかんの最新治療)
- 溝渕 雅広,中原 岩平,佐光 一也
- 日本臨床 = Japanese journal of clinical medicine 76(6), 975-980, 2018-06
- NAID 40021585711
Related Links
- Easy to read patient leaflet for topiramate. Includes indications, proper use, special instructions, precautions, and possible side effects. ... If OVERDOSE is suspected: Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison ...
- [Topiramate] [97240-79-4] | 価格や在庫、物性値などの詳細情報ページです。 ... ・川口の在庫は即日，つくばの在庫は2〜3日以内の出荷となります。・詳細につきましては，お手数ですが営業部までお問い合わせください。
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「トピラマート」「トピラメート」 |
「トピラマート」
- 抗てんかん薬
- Naチャネルを阻害することでてんかん波を抑制する薬剤。
- 発汗が減少することで体温が上昇するという副作用が存在する(乏汗症)。
- その副作用を逆手にとって、ダイエットに使用する残念な人々が後を絶たない。
http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/1139008F1027_1_05/
「トピラメート」
- 英
- topiramate
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