関: tick-borne infection

WordNet

make a sound like a clock or a timer; "the clocks were ticking"; "the grandfather clock beat midnight" (同)ticktock, ticktack, beat
a light mattress
any of two families of small parasitic arachnids with barbed proboscis; feed on blood of warm-blooded animals
a metallic tapping sound; "he counted the ticks of the clock" (同)ticking
sew; "tick a mattress" (同)retick
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii (同)Cordyline terminalis
the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization (同)te, si
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological
brought into existence; "he was a child born of adultery"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(時計まどの)カチカチ[という音] / 《英語》瞬間 / 照合(点検)済みの印,チェック / 〈時計などが〉カチカチ音がする《+away》 / 〈時が〉過ぎる,経過する∥+by(away)》 / 《話》〈人が〉行動する,〈機械などが〉動く
〈C〉(ふとん・まくらなどの)表布
ダニ
(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
シ(全音階の第7音)
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)
bear〈他〉1の過去分詞(受動態にのみ用いる) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『生まれながらの』,先天的な(innate) / 『生まれた』;生じた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/13 14:22:12」(JST)

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Tick-borne diseases, which afflict humans and other animals, are caused by infectious agents transmitted by tick bites. Tick-borne illnesses are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Because individual ticks can harbor more than one disease-causing agent, patients can be infected with more than one pathogen at the same time, compounding the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. Currently (2015), there are 16 known tick-borne diseases of humans (four discovered since 2013).

As the incidence of tick-borne illnesses increases and the geographic areas in which they are found expand, it becomes increasingly important that health workers be able to distinguish the diverse, and often overlapping, clinical presentations of these diseases.

Diagnosis and treatment

In general, specific laboratory tests are not available to rapidly diagnose tick-borne diseases. Due to their seriousness, antibiotic treatment is often justified based on clinical presentation alone.

Exposure

Ticks tend to be more active during warmer months, though this varies by geographic region and climate. Areas with woods, bushes, high grass, or leaf litter are likely to have more ticks. Those bitten commonly experience symptoms such as body aches, fever, fatigue, joint pain, or rashes. People can limit their exposure to tick bites by wearing light-colored clothing (including pants and long sleeves), using insect repellent with 20%–30% DEET, tucking their pant legs into their socks, checking for ticks frequently, and washing and drying their clothing (in a hot dryer).^[1] Another natural form of control for ticks is the guineafowl, a bird species which consumes mass quantities of ticks. So good animal husbandry can reduce tick prevalence in a high tick prevalence area.^{[citation needed]}

Assessing Risk

For a person or companion animal to acquire a tick-borne disease requires that that individual gets bitten by a tick and that that tick feeds for a sufficient period of time. The feeding time required to transmit pathogens differs for different ticks and different pathogens. Transmission of the bacteria that causes Lyme disease is well understood to require a substantial feeding period.^[2]

For an individual to acquire infection, the feeding tick must also be infected. Not all ticks are infected. In most places in the US, 30-50% of deer ticks will be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (the agent of Lyme disease). Other pathogens are much more rare. Ticks can be tested for infection using a highly specific and sensitive qPCR procedure. Several commercial labs provide this service to individuals for a fee. The Laboratory of Medical Zoology (LMZ) is a non-profit lab at the University of Massachusetts that provides a comprehensive TickReport ^[3] for a variety of human pathogens and makes the data available to the public.^[4] Those wishing to know the incidence of tick-borne disease in their town or state can search the LMZ surveillance database.^[4]

Examples

Major tick-borne diseases include:

Bacteria

Lyme disease or Borreliosis
- Organism: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (bacterium)
- Vector: deer tick (Ixodes scapularis (=I. dammini), I. pacificus, I. ricinus (Europe), I. persulcatus (Asia))
- Endemic to: North America and Eurasia
- Symptoms: Fever, arthritis, neuroborreliosis, erythema migrans, cranial nerve palsy, carditis, fatigue, and influenza-like illness.^[5]
- Treatment: Antibiotics (Doxycycline in non pregnant adults Amoxicillin in pregnant adults and children ^[6]

Relapsing fever (Tick-borne relapsing fever, different from Lyme disease due to different Borrelia species and ticks)
- Organisms: Borrelia species Such as Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia parkeri, Borrelia duttoni, Borrelia miyamotoi
- Vector: Ornithodoros species
- Regions : Primarily in Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Asia in and certain areas of Canada and the western United States
- Symptoms: Relapsing fever typically presents as recurring high fevers, headaches, and muscular pain, with less common symptoms including rigors, joint pain, altered mentation, cough, painful urination, and rash.^[7]
- Treatment: antibiotics are the treatment for relapsing fever, with doxycycline, tetracycline, or erythromycin being the treatment of choice.^[8]

Typhus Several diseases caused by Rickettsia bacteria (below).
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Organism: Rickettsia rickettsii
- Vector: wood tick (Dermacentor variabilis), D. andersoni
- Region (US): East, South West
- Vector: Amblyomma cajennense
- Region (Brazil): São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais.
- Symptoms:Fever, headache, altered mental status, myalgia, and rash.
- Treatment: Antibiotic therapy, typically consisting of doxycycline or tetracycline.
Helvetica Spotted fever
- Organism: Rickettsia helvetica
- Region(R Helvetica): Confirmed common in ticks in Sweden, Switzerland, France and in Laos^[9]
- Vector/Region(s)#1 : Ixodes ricinus is the main European vector^[9]
- Vector/Region(s)#2: Please add if more vectors are found.
- Symptoms:Most often small red spots, other symptoms are fever, muscle pain, headache and respiratory problems^[9]
- Treatment: Broad band Antibiotic therapy are needed, it is likely that phenoxymethylpenicillin is sufficient.^[9]
Ehrlichiosis anaplasmosis (formerly human granulocytic ehrlichiosis or HGE)
- Organism: Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. equi (renamed to Anaplasma phagocytophilum)
- Vector: lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), I. scapularis
- Region (US): South-Atlantic South-Central
Tularemia
- Organism: Francisella tularensis, A. americanum
- Vector: D. andersoni, D. variabilis
- Region (US): Southeast, South-Central, West, Widespread

Viruses

Tick-borne meningoencephalitis
- Organism: TBEV aka FSME virus, a flavivirus from family Flaviviridae
- Vector: deer tick (Ixodes scapularis), Ixodes ricinus (Europe), Ixodes persulcatus (Russia + Asia))
- Endemic to: Europe and Northern Asia

Colorado tick fever
- Organism: Colorado Tick Fever virus (CTF), a coltivirus from Reoviridae
- Vector: Dermacentor andersoni
- Region: US (West)

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
- Organism: CCHF virus, a nairovirus, from Bunyaviridae
- Vector: Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa
- Region: Southern part of Asia, Northern Africa, Southern Europe

Severe Febrile Illness^[10]
- Organism: Heartland virus, a phlebovirus, from Bunyaviridae
- Vector: Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)
- Region: Missouri and Tennessee, United States

Protozoa

Babesiosis
- Organism: Babesia microti, B. equi
- Vector: I. scapularis, I. pacificus
- Region (US): Northeast West Coast

Cytauxzoonosis
- Organism: C. felis
- Vector: D. variabilis (American Dog Tick)
- Region (US): South, Southeast

Toxin

Tick paralysis
- Cause: Toxin
- Vector (US): D. andersoni, D. variabilis West
- Region (US): East
- Vector (Australia): Ixodes holocyclus^[11]
- Region (Australia): East

References

^ "Tick-Borne Diseases". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
^ "Tick-Encounter". Retrieved June 19, 2015.
^ "TickReport". tickreport.com. Laboratory of Medical Zoology: University of Massachusetts. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Tick-Borne Disease Network". tickdiseases.org. Laboratory of Medical Zoology: University of Massachusetts. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Mayo Clinic Staff. "Lyme disease: Symptoms". MayoClinic.com. Diseases and Conditions. Mayo Clinic.
^ Mayo Clinic Staff. "Lyme disease: Treatments and drugs". MayoClinic.com. Diseases and Conditions. Mayo Clinic.
^ Relapsing fever at eMedicine.
^ Relapsing fever~treatment at eMedicine.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lindblom, A; Wallménius, K; Nordberg, M; Forsberg, P; et al. (2012). "Seroreactivity for spotted fever rickettsiae and co-infections with other tick-borne agents among habitants (sic) in central and southern Sweden". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 32 (3): 317–23. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1742-3. PMC 3569577. PMID 22961007.
^ Pastula, DM; Turabelidze, G; Yates, KF; Jones, TF; et al. (March 2014). "Notes from the field: Heartland virus disease - United States, 2012-2013". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63 (12): 270–1. PMID 24670929.
^ "Ticks". medent.usyd.edu.au. Department of Entomology, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital. November 7, 2003.

External links

Tick-Borne Diseases: Recommendations for Workers and Employers—National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Tickborne Diseases—National Center for Infectious Diseases (CDC)
Tickborne Disease Website—Massachusetts Department of Public Health
Tick bite fever—Health 24
Ixodes Scapularis—3D animation of Deer or Blacklegged Tick from US Army site

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ヒトエーリキア症およびアナプラズマ症 human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
2. 成人におけるライム病の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of lyme disease in adults
3. ライム病疑いのあるダニ咬傷の評価 evaluation of a tick bite for possible lyme disease
4. ライム病の治療 treatment of lyme disease
5. 中央アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to central africa

English Journal

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from natural and urban environment, Poland.

Biernat B1, Karbowiak G, Werszko J, Stańczak J.
Experimental & applied acarology.Exp Appl Acarol.2014 Dec;64(4):543-51. doi: 10.1007/s10493-014-9836-5. Epub 2014 Jul 22.
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a human infection involving the central nervous system. The disease is endemic in a large region in Eurasia, where it is transmitted mainly by Ixodes rici
PMID 25047961

pncA and bptA Are Not Sufficient To Complement Ixodes scapularis Colonization and Persistence by Borrelia burgdorferi in a Linear Plasmid lp25-Deficient Background.

Gilmore RD1, Brandt KS1, Hyde JA2.
Infection and immunity.Infect Immun.2014 Dec;82(12):5110-6. doi: 10.1128/IAI.02613-14. Epub 2014 Sep 22.
The complex segmented genome of Borrelia burgdorferi is comprised of a linear chromosome along with numerous linear and circular plasmids essential for tick and/or mammalian infectivity. The pathogenic necessity for specific borrelial plasmids has been identified; most notably, infections of the tic
PMID 25245809

Variation of the specificity of the human antibody responses after tick-borne encephalitis virus infection and vaccination.

Jarmer J1, Zlatkovic J1, Tsouchnikas G1, Vratskikh O1, Strauß J1, Aberle JH1, Chmelik V2, Kundi M3, Stiasny K1, Heinz FX4.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2014 Dec 1;88(23):13845-57. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02086-14. Epub 2014 Sep 24.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is an important human-pathogenic flavivirus endemic in large parts of Europe and Central and Eastern Asia. Neutralizing antibodies specific for the viral envelope protein E are believed to mediate long-lasting protection after natural infection and vaccination. To
PMID 25253341

Japanese Journal

Protective role of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-2 in mice infected with the Oshima strain of Tick-borne encephalitis virus

Tun Mya Myat Ngwe,Aoki Kotaro,Senba Masachika,Buerano Corazon C.,Shirai Kenji,Suzuki Ryuji,Morita Kouichi,Hayasaka Daisuke
Scientific Reports 4, 5344, 2014-06-18
… Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes acute central nervous system disease. … From these results, we suggest that TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-2 are key factors for disease remission from fatal encephalitis due to infection with Oshima strain of TBEV. …
NAID 120005457095

Internal Medicine : Retrospective Study of Hemoparasites in Cattle in Southern Italy by Reverse Line Blot Hybridization

CECI Luigi,IARUSSI Fabrizio,GRECO Beatrice [他]
The journal of veterinary medical science 76(6), 869-875, 2014-06
NAID 40020141103

A Critical Determinant of Neurological Disease Associated with Highly Pathogenic Tick-Borne Flavivirus in Mice

Yoshii Kentaro,Sunden Yuji,Yokozawa Kana,Igarashi Manabu,Kariwa Hiroaki,Holbrook Michael R.,Takashima Ikuo
Journal of Virology 88(10), 5406-5420, 2014-05
… Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) are highly pathogenic tick-borne flaviviruses; … TBEV causes neurological disease in humans, while OHFV causes a disease typically identified with hemorrhagic fever. …
NAID 120005496501

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リンク元	「ダニ媒介疾患」「ダニ媒介感染症」「マダニ媒介疾患」「tick-borne infection」
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