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one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock)

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地層,岩層 / (社会的な)階層

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/09/10 07:15:19」(JST)

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Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum spinosum labeled slightly below center.

The stratum spinosum (or spinous layer/prickle cell layer)^[1] is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale.^[2] Their spiny (Latin, spinosum) appearance is due to shrinking of the microfilaments between desmosomes that occurs when stained with H&E. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum.^[3] This layer is composed of polyhedral keratinocytes. They have large pale-staining nuclei as they are active in synthesizing fibrilar proteins, known as cytokeratin, which build up within the cells aggregating together forming tonofibrils. The tonofibrils go on to form the desmosomes, which allow for strong connections to form between adjacent keratinocytes.

Additional images

Epidermis and dermis of human skin
Section of epidermis

References

^ McGrath, J.A.; Eady, R.A.; Pope, F.M. (2004). Rook's Textbook of Dermatology (Seventh Edition). Blackwell Publishing. Pages 3.7-3.8. ISBN 978-0-632-06429-8.
^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005) Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 2. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
^ Marks, James G; Miller, Jeffery (2006). Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology (4th ed.). Elsevier Inc. Page 6. ISBN 1-4160-3185-5.

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English Journal

Atypical Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Adults Associated with Coxsackievirus A6: A Clinico-Pathologic Study.

Laga AC1, Shroba SM2, Hanna J1.
Journal of cutaneous pathology.J Cutan Pathol.2016 Jul 22. doi: 10.1111/cup.12775. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a contagious illness most commonly occurring in children 5 years old or younger. The most common cause of HFMD in the United States is Coxsackievirus A16. HFMD is uncommon in adults, and may show other atypical features including a broader spectrum
PMID 27445155

Confocal Raman microscopy and multivariate statistical analysis for determination of different penetration abilities of caffeine and propylene glycol applied simultaneously in a mixture on porcine skin ex vivo.

Mujica Ascencio S1, Choe C2, Meinke MC3, Müller RH4, Maksimov GV5, Wigger-Alberti W6, Lademann J3, Darvin ME7.
European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.Eur J Pharm Biopharm.2016 Jul;104:51-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.018. Epub 2016 Apr 21.
Propylene glycol is one of the known substances added in cosmetic formulations as a penetration enhancer. Recently, nanocrystals have been employed also to increase the skin penetration of active components. Caffeine is a component with many applications and its penetration into the epidermis is con
PMID 27108784

Effect of the supplementation with a blend containing short and medium chain fatty acid monoglycerides in milk replacer on rumen papillae development in weaning calves.

Ragionieri L1, Cacchioli A1, Ravanetti F2, Botti M1, Ivanovska A1, Panu R1, Righi F1, Quarantelli A1, Gazza F1.
Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.Ann Anat.2016 May 19. pii: S0940-9602(16)30094-2. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.04.035. [Epub ahead of print]
Feeding of neonates with artificial milk formulas is a popular trend toward early weaning of newborn dairy calves. These milk replacers (MR) should accelerate the rumen development, determining early solid feed intake and leading to better performances in cattle. Previous research demonstrated that
PMID 27210061